Welcome to the Huberman Lab Podcast,

where we discuss science

and science-based tools for everyday life.

I’m Andrew Huberman,

and I’m a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology

at Stanford School of Medicine.

Today, we are discussing creativity.

Creativity is a topic that to many people is very abstract.

That is, we know when something seems creative.

Some of us know people who are creative

or perhaps are creative,

and yet the ability to be creative resides in everybody.

And we know that because the neural circuits

that underlie creativity have been somewhat defined,

and the steps and processes within the brain and body

that lead to creativity are well-known.

That said, most people don’t know how to access creativity,

and if they do know how to access creativity,

they are only able to access creativity

in a fairly limited number of domains of life.

For instance, in the visual arts, or in music,

or within science, or engineering,

or any number of different domains

ranging from the kitchen to sport

to childhood interactions, that is, childhood games.

In other words, some adults are able

to access their creative spirit

when engaging in childlike play with children,

or for that matter, with adults.

But as it turns out, all of creativity stems

from just a small subset of neural structures in the brain

that need to be activated in a particular sequence or order.

Today, we will talk about what those neural structures are,

what particular order they need to be activated in

in order to come up with, for instance,

new ideas that are creative,

and then how to implement those creative strategies.

We will also talk about different ways to access creativity

that include narrative and storytelling,

as well as applying new rule sets

or even entirely new worldviews.

And we will do this in a structured way

that will allow anyone,

whether or not you consider yourself creative or not,

to be able to apply these tools

in different domains of life,

work, family, play, and on and on.

By the end of today’s episode,

you will have a better understanding

of what creativity is and how to access it,

and if you like, to bring others

into your creative endeavors,

which, as you’ll soon learn,

can massively expand the extent to which you yourself

can express your creative talents,

as is the case with all episodes

of the Huberman Lab Podcast.

Today, we will discuss both scientific mechanisms

and nomenclature,

and I promise to make all of that clear to you,

even if you don’t have a background in biology or psychology,

but we will also, of course, discuss tools,

that is specific steps that you can take

in order to be more creative.

One particular tool that I’m excited to share with you

involves a meditation,

but this is a very unusual meditation.

This is not sitting with eyes closed,

focusing on your breath,

or focusing on a chime,

or some other feature in your sensory environment,

or even in your body.

Later, we will talk about open monitoring meditations.

Open monitoring meditations are very distinct

from other forms of meditation,

and involve learning how to sit back

and simply observe your thoughts

while intentionally varying where your thoughts go.

So for those of you that find it a struggle

to focus or to refocus

in more traditional forms of meditation,

or maybe even in your work,

and even for those of you that may suffer

from things like ADHD or similar,

open monitoring meditation can be an extremely valuable tool

for accessing your creative abilities

because of the ways that it allows you

to tap into specific circuits

within the frontal networks of your brain.

So these are networks of the brain

that include the areas just behind your forehead,

and that allow you to evaluate new and novel rule sets

in a very unconstrained way.

Because if you think about it,

creativity is really the ability

to take existing elements from the physical world,

or from the thought world, if you will,

or from any domain of life,

mood, thinking, and information,

and to reorder those into novel combinations

that are useful for something.

And as we’ll also find out later,

creativity has this incredible aspect to it,

which is that when we see or create

or experience something that is truly creative,

it reveals to us something fundamental

about the way that the natural world,

and indeed the way that our brains work.

If that sounds very mysterious and abstract to you now,

I promise that by the end of today’s episode,

you will not only understand what that means,

but you will also understand

how to use open monitoring meditations,

as well as other forms of tools

in order to access your creative ability.

Before we begin, I’d like to emphasize

that this podcast is separate from my teaching

and research roles at Stanford.

It is, however, part of my desire and effort

to bring zero cost to consumer information about science

and science-related tools to the general public.

In keeping with that theme,

I’d like to thank the sponsors of today’s podcast.

Our first sponsor is Roka.

Roka makes eyeglasses and sunglasses

that are the absolute highest quality.

The company was founded by two all-American swimmers

from Stanford, and everything about Roka eyeglasses

and sunglasses were designed with performance in mind.

I’ve spent a lifetime working on the biology

of the visual system, and I can tell you

that your visual system has to contend

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for you to be able to see clearly.

For instance, when you move from a shady area

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I do not wear sunglasses when I get my morning sunlight,

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Today’s episode is also brought to us by Thesis.

Thesis makes custom nootropics.

And as you may have heard me say before,

I am not a fan of the word nootropics

because it means smart drugs.

And frankly, there is no neural circuit in the brain

for being quote-unquote smart.

There are neural circuits for focus.

There are neural circuits for task switching.

There are neural circuits for today’s topic,

which is creativity.

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because it lacks specificity.

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Element is an electrolyte drink

that contains everything you need,

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in the precise ratios that you need without sugar.

As I’ve talked about many times before on this podcast

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the nerve cells of your brain

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To find the supplements we discuss

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you can go to livemomentous, spelled O-U-S,

livemomentous.com slash Huberman.

And I should just mention that the library

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Let’s talk about creativity.

Now on the face of it, the word creativity

and creative acts might seem somewhat abstract to us.

That is, we know when we see something

that we consider creative,

and we know when we see something that is not creative,

things that aren’t creative are things

that we see every day.

A car with four tires, for instance,

a bicycle with two tires, not creative.

However, we also see things that are novel,

that are different,

and that we don’t really think of as creative.

In fact, they can be downright trivial.

For instance, if I were to take a fish tank

and put wings on it,

that’s a novel combination of things,

which is one of the key criteria for an act

or an object or a piece of music that is creative.

And yet, neither of us, I believe,

would find it very creative or very interesting

that a fish tank has wings on it.

Why, or why not, I should say?

Well, it turns out that for something to be creative,

it actually has to reveal to us something fundamental

about the world or about how we work.

And I must say that oftentimes,

the most creative and the most interesting

and the most beloved creative acts

reveal to us something fundamental about the world

or the way that we work,

in a way that delights and thrills and surprises us,

but that we aren’t even aware

what that fundamental rule is.

I’ll return to this in a few minutes,

but the time being,

let’s just build up from first principles.

What constitutes something creative

and what does not constitute something creative?

Creativity is a way of interacting with the world

or combining or recombining things in the world

in a way that appears novel to us and to other people.

My example of a fish tank with wings on it is novel,

but frankly, it’s not very creative

and it’s not very interesting.

It doesn’t reveal anything new to us.

Sure, they’re flying fish,

although they just kind of jump far, they don’t really fly.

And as a consequence, putting wings on a fish tank

could be used as a metaphor

for the fact that fish don’t fly,

but you already knew and I already knew that fish don’t fly.

And so there’s nothing novel revealed to us about the world

except something we already knew.

Now, creative acts on the other hand,

of course involve novel combinations of existing rule sets.

That could be different combinations of music

or colors or shapes or technology, et cetera.

But it does so in a way

that tells us something fundamental and different.

Let me give an example

of a few truly creative artistic acts.

And I’ll do that in the domain of visual arts,

but of course there are many examples

that could come from music or from other domains,

sport, et cetera.

Examples I’ll give rather than a fish tank with wings

are for instance, the comparison between a drawing

or a very accurate painting of a face,

an Escher painting and a Banksy.

Okay, if you don’t know what those are, I’ll explain.

First of all, let’s talk about

an accurate representation of a face.

If I were to sit you down

or if you were to send me a photograph

and then I were to paint or draw a picture of your face

in a way that faithfully represented the position

and shape of your nose relative to the eyes,

maybe a curl of the lip,

maybe a few hairs of your eyebrows in a particular way

that really captured you accurately.

I think most people would say, okay, it’s accurate.

It looks a lot like the photograph or the person.

And on the one hand, while that could be interesting,

it’s not particularly creative

because it faithfully represents what’s already there.

In contrast, a painting or a picture like an Escher,

and for those of you that aren’t familiar with Eschers,

involves a lot of repeating patterns.

So for instance, a bird image that’s repeated

over and over and over and over again,

sometimes in partially overlapping manner,

and perhaps a building that’s repeated

over and over and over again,

or stones repeated over and over again,

or staircases over and over again.

Eschers capture elements from the outside world

and faithfully represent them,

but faithfully represent them over and over and over again,

which is not typically seen in the natural world.

In fact, most of what our visual system does

is to eliminate repetitive patterns when we see them.

In fact, most of what our visual system does

is try and make us blind to repetitive patterns

in our visual environment,

and only allow us to see things that are unusual

in that visual environment.

Now, this is especially true at visual scales.

What I mean by that is if you were to go to the beach

and lie on your towel and look down at the sand,

you would start to notice

that the sand is a very, very repetitive pattern.

So at very small scales,

and in particular at molecular scales,

when you get down to the level of atoms and so forth,

everything is repetitive.

It’s the same thing,

it’s just reproduced in different combinations

over and over again.

But as we move through our world,

typically we’re not looking down at pebbles on the ground

or little grains of sand,

or the pattern of leaves in a particular clover

or something of that sort.

Most of the time we’re looking out on landscapes

or at people’s faces, et cetera.

And very seldom do we see

highly repetitive patterns at that scale.

So what Eschers do is they essentially reveal to us

a fundamental feature

about the way that our visual system works,

which is that repetitive patterns

tend to become noise in our visual system.

That is our brain encodes repetition

as things not to be interested in.

And the things that stand out against that repetition

as the things to be interested in,

so-called signal to noise.

What Eschers do is they invert the relationship

between signal and noise,

and they make the repetitive patterns, the signal,

and the unusual patterns, the noise.

In fact, in every Escher there are unusual patterns

and those completely disappear to us.

Now, when you look at an Escher,

what you probably see and what I see

are just a bunch of birds repeated over and over again,

or buildings or staircases repeated over and over again.

And you may like Eschers and you may not,

that’s not the point.

Today, we’re not talking about taste

in particular creative acts.

What we’re trying to identify here

are the rules and mechanisms

of what constitutes something creative

and why it’s creative.

And the key element here is that what’s revealed by an Escher

through these repetition patterns

is an inversion of the way

that our brain normally encodes visual images.

And therefore the rule that repetition

is suppressed in our visual system

and that unusual visual features are revealed to us,

that rule is what pops out to us

when we look at an Escher.

Now, when I say pops out,

I don’t mean that you look at an Escher and go,

oh, normally I don’t see repetition,

normally I see the unusual stuff, et cetera, et cetera.

But there seems to be something about truly creative acts

that capture the attention

and sometimes the delight of many, many people.

It’s that they reveal a fundamental rule

about how the brain or the world work.

Let me give you a different example,

also from the visual art world.

Let me give you the example of Banksy.

Banksy is an artist

that many of you are probably familiar with

and probably some of you are not familiar with.

So for those of you that are not familiar with Banksy,

Banksy is an artist

that most often does two-dimensional artwork.

So these would be stencils or paintings or drawings,

like many artists,

and does them in an urban landscape,

an actual city or suburban landscape.

That is, he draws our stencils or graffitis

in a very cryptic way, I should say,

no one really knows who Banksy is or when he does his art,

he just reveals his art by putting it up,

but he does this in the context of cities

and on three-dimensional objects.

So a good example would be,

he will stencil next to a phone booth, a police officer,

or he will graffiti next to an actual fire hydrant,

a dog lifting its leg to urinate on that fire hydrant.

Now, what’s interesting about Banksy’s

is not simply the fact that he puts two-dimensional art

onto three-dimensional surfaces

in the urban and suburban landscape,

because if you think about it,

that’s been done many, many times before,

all graffiti is that, all city art and murals is that.

So what’s unique about Banksy?

What’s unique about Banksy,

or I should say Banksy’s, the actual art,

is that he combines two-dimensional art

with a three-dimensional landscape

in a way that the concept pops out at you.

What do I mean by that?

Well, in the case of the dog lifting its leg to urinate

on the fire hydrant,

that’s a scene that most people,

and in fact, most children are familiar with

from cartoons or from our basic understanding

of the stereotype of dogs,

and I must tell you, having owned a male dog,

a bulldog, Costello, for many years,

hydrants were a particular target for Costello.

Of course, everything was a particular target

for Costello urinating outdoors.

Nonetheless, he liked to pee on fire hydrants.

That itself is not interesting.

Seeing a photograph of a dog raising its leg

to pee on a fire hydrant is not interesting.

Seeing a painting of that isn’t interesting.

Seeing an actual dog urinating on a fire hydrant

isn’t interesting.

In fact, seeing a painting in two dimensions

of a dog raising its leg to,

of course, it can’t actually urinate,

but give you the impression that it would urinate

on that fire hydrant isn’t particularly interesting

except for the fact that it reveals to us

something fundamental,

which is that we tend to pair visual relationships

between different objects that share a common theme,

and then the theme tends to pop out at us.

So for instance, the dog raising its leg

next to a fire hydrant,

even if the dog is drawn in two dimensions

and the fire hydrant is in three dimensions,

allows the concept of dog and fire hydrant

to emerge or pop out at us,

which reveals to us something fundamental

about how our brain works,

which is that our brain encodes concepts and entire stories

as symbols of interaction between different objects.

Let me give you a different example

just to make sure that this hits home.

One of Banksy’s more famous paintings

is a rather politically charged one,

which is of a girl holding a bouquet of balloons,

and this two-dimensional drawing was put onto the West wall,

dividing territories in the Middle East,

a very controversial issue.

The controversies of that issue

are not what I want to get into,

but I don’t think anyone would doubt

that it is a controversial issue.

The two-dimensional drawing of the girl with the balloons

on the actual wall turns out to be quite interesting

as an art piece, because what it reveals to us

is the entire controversy around the presence of that wall

and the desire for certain people to breach that wall

and the desire for other people to insist

that that will not be breached for whatever reason.

Again, this is not about the particular controversy.

The point is that a two-dimensional image

combined with a three-dimensional structure

allows the purpose of that three-dimensional structure

and the controversy around that three-dimensional structure

to pop out at us in a way that if,

for instance, we had just seen a photograph

of somebody next to that wall or with a ladder,

or if we just seen a drawing of a girl

holding a bouquet of balloons on a drawing of that wall

to not emerge.

In other words, it captures two fundamental features

of the visual system, our ability to encode things

in two dimensions and understand symbols,

and our ability to understand things in three dimensions,

and in particular, the wall as a three-dimensional object

is really interesting

because it’s an actual physical barrier.

So showing it as the actual physical barrier

that it is in real space in three dimensions

turns out to allow the interaction between those two things,

the concept, the controversy to pop out at us

and make us think about that particular controversy

and perhaps where we each individually stand

on that controversy.

Now, there are many examples

of what I just gave in the visual domain.

For instance, Rothko’s, which are just color on canvas

are particularly interesting source of information

about the way that the brain encodes color.

Later, I’ll fill in exactly what that information is.

You may like Rothko’s, you may not,

but I’ll tell you one thing.

When you look at a Rothko,

you are seeing colors in a very different way

than you would ever see colors in any other context.

The fact that they don’t have a frame typically,

and the fact that there’s no white canvas

allows the colors that you see to be novel hues

of those colors that you will not see in any other context.

And in doing so reveals to you

what your brain does in order to understand

and extract color.

Now, in the context of music, for instance,

you will sometimes hear a street musician play a song,

maybe a Bob Dylan song or a Led Zeppelin song

or a Pink Floyd song pretty closely, pretty accurately

to the way that song is played.

But of course that’s not creative.

That’s just like the photograph

or the accurate portrait of somebody’s face.

Or you may hear an acoustic version

of what’s normally an electric guitar song

or electrical song or vice versa.

Somewhat creative, sometimes sounds even better

than the original, but not particularly creative.

However, each and every one of us

has a particular taste in music.

Maybe it’s classical, maybe it’s rock,

maybe it’s punk, maybe it’s hip hop.

Within each of those genres,

I think all of us are familiar with hearing something

for the first time and maybe even every time.

And there’s something about the combination

of the words and the music,

or sometimes just the music or just the words

that allows some feature of it to pop out at us

as particularly exciting.

And when we feel that excitement

and we feel that it’s really novel,

it’s different than what we’ve heard before,

I assure you what it’s revealing to you

is the way that your auditory system

and often your auditory and your emotional system

encodes information that you hear.

And again, the rule that it’s revealing

is not splayed out for you.

For instance, it’s not told to you,

oh, this is the way you normally hear

and now you’re hearing things differently.

Sometimes it’s the change in, for instance,

in the way that words are accented

or the way that sentences are constructed.

This often you’ll hear in hip hop,

the way that sentences are constructed

can be divided up, not as normal declarative sentences,

the way that they’re typically written,

but the way that sentences are chopped up and fractured

reveals to us new meaning,

and in fact, enhanced meaning about particular words

that we wouldn’t see if it was written out as a paragraph

and then sung as a script

that would be the same as the one that we would read.

Again, the point is that what is exciting and novel to you

is just the way that you hear it,

but it’s exciting and novel to you

because there are circuits within the brain

that when we hear or see or feel or experience

known elements in new ways that are truly creative,

the way that those neural circuits function is changed.

And when neural circuits change the way that they function

simply by way of what comes into our eyes, our ears,

and the way that we experience our feelings,

there’s the release of chemicals,

including the release of the chemical dopamine

and other neuromodulators as well

that make us feel both surprised, delighted,

and this is very key,

excited in anticipation that we might see it again.

So with the understanding in mind that true creativity

involves the novel combination of some elements,

could be notes of music, could be numbers,

could be visual elements like lines or colors,

could be physical movements, et cetera,

but novel combinations of some things

that reveal to us something fundamental

about the way that our brain and or the world work.

And of course, as I mentioned before,

that fundamental thing may or may not

be consciously accessible to us.

We may not know what exactly it is that’s novel to us,

but it feels novel and it feels true.

Well, with that understanding in mind,

we therefore can ask what are the underlying principles

and neural circuits that underlie the creative process?

And the word process here is especially important.

In fact, if there’s one thing

I’d really like to impress on everybody

is that when thinking about biology,

it’s almost always better to think about verbs

as opposed to nouns.

So rather than think of creativity as a noun

or somebody being creative as an adjective,

think about the verb creativity.

That is, what are the steps required?

And therefore, what are the cells and circuits

and thoughts, et cetera, required in order to be creative?

This element of thinking about verbs

then allows us to say, okay,

what are the various steps in coming up

with a creative idea, in testing a creative idea,

and then implementing that creative idea?

And in doing so, we find,

based on the scientific literature,

that there are basically three major networks

within the brain, each of which is responsible

for each of the three steps

to arrive at something truly creative.

The first neural circuit involved in creativity

is the so-called executive network.

This is kind of a goofy name

because the neural circuits that I’m about to describe

do a bunch of other things as well,

but they certainly control

what are called executive functions.

Executive functions are functions that you and I both have,

which is our ability to govern our thinking

and our behavior in very deliberate ways.

And that is largely accomplished

through the use of the neural circuitry

that sits right behind the forebrain,

the so-called prefrontal cortex.

Now, the prefrontal cortex involves

many different sub-regions.

It has a bunch of different parts,

just like any country has different states, et cetera,

and provinces.

Executive function involves the prefrontal cortex

and some other neural structures.

But for sake of this discussion,

executive function and the prefrontal cortex

are mainly responsible for suppressing action,

that is for eliminating choices

among the infinite number of choices that exist,

for instance, of what colors to combine on a painting

or what lines to draw or what notes to play

or what movements to make in a sports endeavor,

what numbers to include in a mathematics endeavor,

or what words and letters and syllables and sentences

to include in writing a creative passage.

The second network is the so-called default mode network.

There’s a lot of discussion nowadays

about the default mode network

as it relates to consciousness and meditation, et cetera.

The default mode network does many different things,

but in the context of our discussion about creativity,

the default mode network is really the network

that starts being engaged when you close your eyes

and start paying attention to what’s going on

in terms of your thinking

as opposed to the sensory outside world.

And the default mode network is especially important

for what’s called spontaneous imagination.

Now, spontaneous imagination is something

that you can try at any moment

if you were to close your eyes

and to try and not pay attention to the sounds around you,

but even if you do,

to just pay attention to whatever thoughts

or feelings emerge when your eyes are closed, okay?

By closing your eyes and shutting yourself off

to the outside sensory world,

you start to engage much more of your brain machinery

dedicated towards what’s going on inside you,

so-called interoception,

but also what you’re thinking about your thinking,

whether or not your thoughts are complete or incomplete,

whether or not they are fragmentary in a way

that goes from one thought to another,

distantly in the past or present or future, et cetera.

Depending on time of day, how well-rested you are,

how stressed you are, how happy you are,

the default mode network will take you through a journey

of different types of thoughts,

different types of feelings, et cetera.

The specific types of thoughts and feelings

are not as interesting as the fact

that when you close your eyes,

you’re essentially engaging this default mode network,

which is essentially the network associated

with imagination and imagination based on elements

that exist only within your head,

that is within your brain, okay?

And therefore must rely on memory of previous experiences.

As soon as you close your eyes,

you are shutting yourself off from the sensory world.

So by definition, you can no longer be bringing

in novel experiences in that moment.

You’re relying on your library of existing experiences

and your memory of those in order to imagine new things.

And you’re doing this in a very, in a free associative way.

You’re not trying to imagine new things.

It’s just whatever geysers to the surface, okay?

So we’ve got the executive network,

which is involved in suppressing particular thoughts

or actions.

We have the default mode network,

which is involved in imagination.

And the default mode network I should mention

also involves a sub-region of the prefrontal cortex.

It’s called the medial prefrontal cortex,

but other brain regions as well.

And then the final element within the circuits

underlying creativity is the so-called salience network.

The salience network is a network of brain regions

that involves areas such as the insula,

which actually has a complete map of your body surface,

as well as some information mapped there

about what’s going on in the outside world

and how those combine with what’s going on

in your internal landscape that is within your body.

Also a brain region called the ACC or, excuse me,

anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala.

So a lot of information is mapped

within the salience network about how we feel

and how we feel in relation to things

that are happening around us and within us.

And the salience network has one main job,

which is to pay attention to what’s most interesting

either in the world or inside us

in terms of feelings or experiences, okay?

So we’ve got three networks, executive network,

which is there to suppress choices

in terms of actions we could take, but decide not to,

or things we could think about,

but choose not to or try not to.

The default mode network,

which is basically the catalog or library

of previous experiences that we have available to us

that would act as sort of the paints on a palette

or the possible ingredients that could go into a recipe.

All of that has to, again,

arise from previous experience, right?

We can’t close our eyes

and suddenly be able to access all the melodies

that we’ve never heard before,

or all our ideas and concepts and knowledge about music

if we don’t have musical understanding

or visual understanding.

So we’re really drawing up the library

and that library tends to be rather disorganized.

It kind of swirls around.

It’s not very structured

unless we’re actively trying to think about something.

And then we have the salience network,

which is the networks within the brain that decide

or make choices about what’s most interesting

to pay attention to in a given moment.

Okay, so those three networks work together

to create things.

And when I say create things,

we again have to really underscore

our definition of creativity.

Creativity is a rearrangement of existing elements

into novel combinations that reveal something fundamental

about how we or the world works.

And this is very important,

it tends to be things that are useful.

Now they can merely be useful

because they’re entertaining or thrilling.

They can also have a particular utility

or use in the world like a piece of technology

that is actually useful,

like an app or a smartphone or a computer

actually has utility or a vehicle.

You know, there are creative acts

that led to the formation of vehicles and computers,

et cetera.

But the point is that just merely coming up

with novel combinations of things

like wings on a fish tank,

that’s not creative or it’s not creative

in any kind of meaningful way

because it’s simply not useful.

It doesn’t reveal anything fundamental,

new or purposeful.

It doesn’t allow us to think about

or interact with the world or ourselves in novel ways.

Whereas things, people, actions

and ideas that are truly creative

really change the way that we are able to access the world.

They act as portals to the world and to ourselves.

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So now you have some idea about the brain areas

and networks involved in creativity

but I want to be very clear

that anytime we talk about mechanisms and brain areas

what’s far more important than the names

of those brain areas is an understanding of what they do.

So if you couldn’t remember the anterior cingulate cortex

or the fact that the prefrontal cortex is involved

in executive function, et cetera, that’s fine.

It’s less important that you know the names of things

than you understand the action steps that those things take.

That is the verb actions

that those particular brain areas engage

in order to arrive at a particular end point.

And the end point we’re talking about today is creativity.

I want to discuss creativity in terms

of what actually goes into being creative.

And it turns out there are just two elements

and those two elements are now well-understood

from the perspective of psychology.

And fortunately the neuroscience well supports

what the psychology says and vice versa.

And those two elements that go into coming up

with a creative idea and then implementing

or developing that creative idea into something real

that you and the rest of the world can experience

are divergent thinking and convergent thinking.

And divergent thinking and convergent thinking

are very straightforward to understand.

Divergent thinking is taking some known object

or event in the world or sport or concept.

It could be running, it could be a musical note,

it could be jumping, it could be a particular color

on a piece of paper and asking yourself

how many different things could that thing actually be?

You might say, well, running is running

but let’s use divergent thinking as a way to illustrate

what divergent thinking is.

If I show you a picture of somebody running,

I say, what do you see?

And you say, I see somebody running.

And then I might give you a divergent thinking task

and these tasks are the same ones used

in various experiments.

And I’d say, how many different things can you think about

based on this picture that you see of somebody running?

Now, if you are able to engage divergent thinking,

you could say running to the store,

running away from a lion, running towards somebody I love

or maybe you have a more elaborate imagination

and you could say running in front of a bus to grab a kid

so the kid doesn’t get hit by the bus

or running toward a concert

because I’m so excited about the particular concert

and then it starts to spool into a story.

In other words, divergent thinking involves taking

one simple, what we would call in neuroscience

or psychology, stimulus, one image or sound, et cetera,

and trying to radiate out from that

as many different divergent situations, properties,

characteristics, events, things

from that one specific element.

So any divergent thinking task would involve exactly that.

I’d show you pictures or play you sounds or words or notes

or describe to you events in history

and try and see how many things can radiate out from that

into diverse, diverse, even distant types of concepts

and pictures, okay?

So that’s divergent thinking.

Divergent thinking is really the process

that underlies idea generation

and the basis of divergent thinking

is that more than one idea is correct.

In fact, the more ideas that you have about one thing,

the better your divergent thinking.

So if I were to give you three minutes

to list off all the things you can think about

related to this pen that I’m holding up,

for those of you listening,

I’m just holding up a pen in front of me,

and you just write them out or say them out

over the next three minutes,

that would be an example of divergent thinking.

However, if you just said black pen, red pen, white pen,

green pen, et cetera, that’s not very divergent thinking.

It’s only divergent in the context of color space.

When I say space, that’s just a kind of nerd speak

for one particular domain of thinking.

Whereas if you said red pen, white pen,

essay, pen in a door to hold the door open

so that someone can return to a building

and you started spooling off a story related to that

and why that was important, well, there you go.

Divergent thinking is essentially taking one element

and coming up with many, many answers.

And in the context of divergent thinking, any answer goes,

but as we’ll soon learn,

not every answer is interesting and relevant.

That is not every answer helps solve something

or reveal something fundamental.

And therefore not every divergent answer is truly creative.

The other aspect of divergent thinking

that’s really important to understand

is that the selection criteria are extremely vague and vast.

That is, there are no constraints on what you come up with.

So if I hold up this pen and you say orangutan,

that’s a perfectly valid divergent idea from this pen

because you thought of it and it’s distantly related.

However, we have to remember our earlier rule.

If black pen and orangutan are not linked up in our brain,

in the observer’s brain, in any kind of meaningful way,

it’s only interesting to you

because you are the only one that understands the rule

that underlies the link between this pen and orangutan.

Whereas if you come up with something different

that somehow tells me and everybody else

something interesting about pens or orangutans,

now that’s a truly creative idea.

I don’t have such an example in mind,

but later I’ll give you some examples

of how you can actually march down

the path of divergent thinking

and use that executive network to suppress certain options,

to cross off certain answers.

Because again, any answer’s valid,

but not all valid answers are interesting or useful.

And you can cross those off and arrive at the most

interesting and truly creative answer.

A couple more things about divergent thinking.

Divergent thinking largely taps

into the networks of the brain

that are involved in mental flexibility.

So this is a different aspect of our prefrontal cortex

which is not based on executive function

and our ability to reduce options,

but rather areas of the prefrontal cortex

that are available to generate multiple options

and actually suppress context, right?

To forget that pens are just for writing, for instance,

and that pens can do other things like hold the door open.

It’s really kind of an unusual use of a pen.

Again, none of these examples that I’m giving

are particularly interesting.

They’re just designed to get you to understand

the underlying concept of divergent thinking.

And then the last thing I’d like you to know

about divergent thinking is that divergent thinking

involves a sort of exploration.

It’s a wandering through of ideas that you already had

in your library, in your memory banks about pens

and what pens could be related to

and what pens ought not to be related to.

So again, what’s really important about creativity

is that there has to be the basic building blocks

already existing within us.

This is why it’s so important to understand

that if you are somebody who really seeks to be creative,

you really do need to be somebody who forages

for information and structured information in particular,

if you are to be creative.

The architect simply can’t come up with incredible drawings

or plans for buildings without understanding

how buildings are put together

and the various rules that govern buildings.

In other words, you can’t break rules

that you don’t understand.

I think in movies especially, we have this idea in mind

that of this limitless concept

or that we have these hidden geniuses

that somehow have access to all the math knowledge

without ever having done any formal math.

Actually, I was flying back from Texas recently

and Goodwill Hunting was on somebody’s screen.

I don’t tend to watch movies on the plane very often,

sometimes, but not often.

And I was remembering in that movie,

you’ve got this math genius who is a janitor at MIT,

and apparently just has access to all this knowledge.

It’s a wonderful concept, a very, very,

I would say even exceedingly rare thing

to occur in the world.

Sure, there are people who seem to have a natural talent

for mathematics or for something else,

but this idea that there are incredible geniuses among us

that just spontaneously have so much knowledge,

that’s by far the exception rather than the rule, of course,

and may not even actually exist.

I’m sure someone will put in the comments examples

where this actually exists.

More often than not, what you find is that people

who have extreme virtuosity in a given area

put many, many years into developing the basic substrates,

the basic building blocks of whatever it is

their craft happens to be

where they demonstrate virtuosity.

So this is very important to understand.

Nonetheless, divergent thinking is the critical element

for initiating the creative process.

Again, thinking about creativity as a verb.

And divergent thinking involves taking some starting point,

in this case, a pen, and then radiating out from that

in a fairly unconstrained,

what biologists call a random walk,

just kind of wandering through your thought space

and memory space about what could be related to this pen.

Now, on the flip side of creativity

is the implementation of specific combinations of things

and testing those to see whether or not

they are interesting, relevant,

or delight us or other people,

or scare us or other people,

or thrill us or other people.

In other words, a testing of whether or not

there’s some fundamental rule to emerge.

Again, I’m going to repeat this many, many times

throughout this episode,

and I’m not going to apologize for that

because I think it’s so important to understand

that creativity is not just novel combinations.

They are novel combinations of things

that reveal something fundamental

and that often pop out to us.

If not every time,

certainly most of the time that we see that thing.

It almost never seems to be the case

that something truly creative dulls in its expression.

And that’s because what it’s repeating to us

over and over again is this fundamental rule

that normally we can’t see or hear or experience

in the absence of this creative act.

So the second part of creativity where things are tested

and where truly creative elements are discovered

is in convergent thinking.

And convergent thinking is, as the name suggests,

just the opposite of divergent thinking.

Convergent thinking would be, for example,

if I give you an image or I tell you the following things,

I say wing, water, and engine.

The concept that I happen to have in mind

is that of a plane that can land on water, right?

Most planes don’t land on water

or not intended to land on water.

One would hope that their plane doesn’t land on water

unless it’s a plane designed to land on water.

But in this case, a plane that can land on water

is one of the very few answers

that can combine wing, water, and engine, right?

I’m sure there are other answers.

There are other convergent thinking modes

that can take you to an answer that would be valid,

but there are not many.

And here, what’s really most important

is that I’m not asking you to spool out

or to radiate out from these three things.

Rather, I’m asking you to combine them in some way

that makes sense in the real world.

And indeed, there are planes that can land on water.

And wing, water, and engine combined within those things,

they are fundamental features.

They are in fact necessary, but not sufficient

for having a plane that can land on water.

Okay, so that’s just one example of convergent thinking.

And a convergent thinking task

would involve you being given a list of two or three

or maybe even five different things.

And then for each of those two or three

or five different things,

as quickly as you can to come up with a single answer

that binds all of those in a real world concept

that obey the laws of nature or physics in some way.

For instance, you could just come up with some, you know,

answer that said a bird that swallowed an engine

and that happens to be a seabird.

You could come up with that,

but that actually is not something that happens

or is that very typical at all.

And so it seems like kind of a mishmash

of things that are really just designed

for you to try and accomplish an answer

rather than something real,

such as a plane that lands on water, okay?

The point here is that divergent thinking

is one aspect of our cognition, of our thinking,

and convergent thinking is a very distinct aspect

of our cognition.

In fact, one of the critical requirements

for convergent thinking is also to access our memory banks

and our understanding about the outside world,

just as it were with divergent thinking,

but it requires more focus and more persistence.

In fact, if we were to come up with a key rule

for divergent thinking, it would be,

you almost want to have just enough focus

to remember what the initial object

or thing that was mentioned was to keep that in mind

so that your answers don’t become completely random.

But the more distant and everywhere in between

that you can generate answers,

that is the things that are very close to pens,

you know, black pen, red pen versus, you know,

pen and doorstop, pen acting as a doorstop.

Those are, one is very close.

Red pen is very close to black pen.

Doorstop is pretty far from black pen.

So that’s the idea is that you want to explore

and undergo a range of exploration of different ideas.

Whereas with convergent thinking,

you’re really trying to bind these things together.

And so the key element for convergent thinking

is the aspect of persistence and focus.

And that’s why convergent thinking in many ways

feels harder than divergent thinking.

It feels like there’s an answer

and I want to get the answer right and I can’t solve it.

It’s a puzzle and it’s a puzzle

that relies on very distinct brain circuits

from divergent thinking.

Which brain circuits?

Well, that’s what we’re going to describe next.

And again, this is not just going to be a list

of different brain circuits

with different names, doing different things.

That wouldn’t be useful to you or to me.

Rather, what you’re about to learn is truly incredible.

What it is, is we’re going to talk about

one single molecule, dopamine,

which is a molecule most typically associated

with motivation and desire and drive

and feelings of pleasure in some cases,

but that actually resides within

four different networks in the brain.

Today, we’re going to talk about two of those networks.

And dopamine acting in one network

directly underlies divergent thinking.

Whereas dopamine in another brain network

underlies convergent thinking.

And if at this point in this episode, you’re thinking,

okay, when am I going to get the tools

to understand creativity and how to be creative?

What I can assure you is that

if you understand divergent thinking,

which hopefully now you do,

and you can understand what convergent thinking is,

and you can understand that dopamine is responsible

for both divergent thinking and convergent thinking,

but through separate pathways,

well then, if you can understand

how those two separate pathways work

and how to engage them differentially,

therein lie the tools that you can use

both to explore ideas, in other words,

find what it is that could be creative,

and then systematically test each of those ideas

for what is truly creative.

That is what meets the criteria

for something that is novel and truly useful

and informs us about something

that we’ve never seen, heard, or felt before.

Let’s just take a moment to talk about

the incredible molecule that is dopamine.

Many people are familiar with dopamine

from the concept of quote-unquote dopamine hits,

which is popular language describing

the feeling of pleasure that we get

from pretty much anything that we like

or that we continue to engage in repeatedly.

So some people will talk about the dopamine hit

that they get from somebody attractive

that they like texting them back,

or the dopamine hit that they get from social media,

or the dopamine hit that they get from sugar,

or the dopamine hit that they get from this or from that.

To be honest, the concept of dopamine hits

is not one that I favor because in general,

whenever people talk about dopamine hits,

typically they’re talking about activities

such as social media,

which dopamine may be involved at some level,

but often it’s the case

that the behavior associated with that thing,

in this case, social media,

is more of the compulsive nature

rather than an active seeking of something

with positive anticipation.

And that’s really what dopamine is about,

at least in the context of one of its major functions

in the brain.

Dopamine is really about motivation and desire and movement.

And it makes sense why motivation, desire, and movement

would be linked up through a common,

in this case, neuromodulator or chemical like dopamine,

because throughout evolution,

if we were excited for or motivated to pursue something,

we had to move in order to get it, to obtain it.

And in general, we can frame dopamine under the umbrella

of dopamine tends to be involved

in neural circuits in the brain

that are involved in processes

that are taking us beyond the confines of our skin.

That is, that motivate us to go do something

in terms of action in the world.

Now, that statement might seem distantly placed

from a discussion about creativity,

but as we’ll learn a little bit later,

one of the most useful tools for engaging creativity

and becoming more creative

is to think about action elements within a narrative.

That is things that we and others can do

in order to discover new rules through actual movement.

That’s a little bit cryptic, forgive me,

but I promise I’ll return to it later

and I will make it crystal clear.

There are four major circuits in the brain that use dopamine

although I should mention

there are additional circuits as well.

In fact, your eye even contains neurons

that release dopamine that control the sensitivity

of your eye at different times of day to light, et cetera.

The four major circuits in the brain

that utilize dopamine, however,

are used for four major purposes.

And I’ll describe what those are.

First of all, is a neural circuit that uses dopamine

among other things, but certainly relies on dopamine

in a critical way to engage movement,

including eye movements.

And we will return to eye movements

and why they’re so important for understanding creativity

and maybe even for generating creativity a little bit later.

The name of the circuit, again,

is less important than what it does,

but the name of this circuit, for those that want to know,

is the so-called nigrostriatal pathway, okay?

The substantia nigra is a brain area that is very dark

that projects to an area called the dorsal striatum.

It contains a bunch of sub-regions.

So again, for those of you

that really geek out on this stuff, great.

You can learn these names and retain them in your memory.

If you don’t care about names, don’t worry about it.

Just discard the names.

But areas of the brain like the caudate and putatum

and the dorsal striatum receive input

from the substantia nigra.

In neuroanatomy, when we name something,

we say the origin of that thing and where it connects through.

So nigrostriatal tells you that there is a connection

between the substantia nigra,

because it came first, nigrostriatal,

and then striatal is where it ends up.

So nigrostriatal pathway is involved

in generating bodily movements.

It’s involved in eye movements,

and it is actually a brain area that’s engaged

when you think about movement.

Even just have a story in your mind about walking

or a story in your mind about running

or a story in your mind about driving,

this area is engaged.

Very interesting brain area.

So that’s the first circuit.

Very important to understand.

And I’ll tell you right now,

that is the brain circuit that is engaged

when you undergo divergent thinking.

Now that itself should be interesting, right?

Even if you don’t remember any of the names

of the things I just told you,

that you have a brain circuit

that even if you just think about walking,

it becomes more active,

and the dopamine is involved in that brain activity.

And if you recall,

divergent thinking involves taking a concept

as boring as a pen and thinking about other concepts

that could link up with that pen in some sort of way,

logical or illogical, right?

The bridge could be completely abstract

and really fantastical with a bunch of different ideas

in between, like a pen acting as a doorstop

because of some situation

where you need to run downstairs in a fire

and get back upstairs quickly

to rescue somebody very divergent

or as divergent as black pen to red pen.

But what’s amazing is that that same circuit

is the one that’s involved in physical movement,

in generating and thinking about physical movement.

That turns out to be vitally important

for tapping into the creativity process.

So really frame that up in your mind

or commit it to memory.

Now, the second dopamine circuit associated with creativity

is the one associated with convergent thinking,

which again is the kind of thinking

where there’s a specific correct answer,

it requires focus and it requires persistence.

And the name of that circuit,

again, the name isn’t as important as what it does,

but the name of that circuit is the mesocortical pathway.

The mesocortical pathway is involved in motivation

and it has an emotional component too.

Now, it will become clear in a few minutes

why that emotional component is vital.

But this is a circuit that originates in a brain structure

called the lateral ventral tegmental area.

Again, a bunch of words,

you can remember it if you want,

lateral ventral tegmental area,

or you can not worry about the name.

And it connects to the prefrontal cortex,

that area just behind the forehead.

And this mesocortical area

is involved in motivation and emotion

and is critical for focus and persistence.

It is distinct from a very nearby area,

just sitting right next door,

the so-called mesolimbic area,

which is involved in desire and feelings of reward.

And this is the area that is associated more typically

with addictive behaviors or compulsive behaviors.

We’re going to leave out the discussion

about the mesolimbic pathway for now,

because it’s not critical to divergent

or convergent thinking.

And it’s not critical to the process of creativity,

at least as far as we know.

But I mentioned it because it is the third

in the four dopaminergic circuits.

And then the fourth circuit,

certainly one I’ve never talked about before

in this podcast, which doesn’t mean anything

except that we haven’t gotten to it yet,

is the tubero-infrandibular pathway.

And that is the pathway associated with dopamine

and your pituitary gland and the release of hormones

in particular that travel to the ovary.

If you have ovaries or to your testes,

if you have testes and trigger the release of things

like estrogen and testosterone, et cetera,

dopamine is intimately involved in that circuitry.

Again, not the topic of today’s discussion.

For today’s discussion,

we want to remember that there’s a dopamine circuit

called the nigrostriatal circuit,

which is involved in movement and divergent thinking.

And that alone should set a flag up for you.

I’m like, wow, just thinking about new ideas

has something to do with movement, with physical movement.

And the dopamine circuit that is the mesocortical pathway,

which is the one that’s associated

with motivation and emotion.

And that’s the one required for persistence and focus

for convergent thinking.

Why am I telling you all of this about dopamine?

Well, it turns out that dopamine

creates a certain number of responses in the brain and body

when it is active in one or the other of these circuits.

And just for sake of simplicity,

so I don’t have to keep saying nigrostriatal

and mesocortical, here going forward,

I’m going to talk about the dopamine circuit

that’s associated with divergent thinking

or the dopamine circuit associated with convergent thinking.

And again, divergent thinking and convergent thinking

are the two processes that have to occur,

usually first divergent, then convergent thinking,

then back and forth and back and forth

in order to arrive at something creative.

Divergent thinking is about exploration.

Convergent thinking is about testing things

and coming up with things that are the right answer,

that feel right.

And we will better define what right means

a little bit later, but you already sort of know.

Right in this context is when you have

some combination of elements or some idea

or some written passage or some music

or some physical action that you just know,

this is really novel and really cool,

or people see it or hear it or taste it

and say, this is really novel and really cool.

And they don’t necessarily know why,

it’s just different in a way that feels true.

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Now, I realize that for some of you

listening to this episode,

we are probably at the point along the pathway

of concept and definition and mechanism

that leaves you in a place of real wanting a tool.

And so I promise that I’m going to get into more tools,

but to satisfy you and to make sure

that you do indeed understand that there are tools

that can emerge from the information

that you already now have in mind,

I do want to share with you one particular tool

from the literature that has been demonstrated

over and over again to support and build

and enhance divergent thinking.

And I also want to share with you a tool

that has been shown from the scientific literature

to enhance convergent thinking,

because both convergent and divergent thinking

are critical for the creative process.

Now, I should emphasize that some people out there,

either by training or by genetics or by both,

will be naturally better

at divergent or convergent thinking.

And in fact, we now know in a kind of almost poetic

kind of way that naturally occurring variations in genes,

which underlie naturally occurring variations

in the percentage of dopamine

in one set of brain circuits versus another,

do seem to relate to whether or not people

are naturally good at divergent thinking

or convergent thinking.

Now, that’s a very nature-based explanation

for why some people are better at divergent thinking

and other people are better at convergent thinking.

Nature and nurture is something

that can never really be teased apart exactly,

because of course, if someone has a natural proclivity

for something based on their genes,

you can’t often separate that from their parents

because we inherit our genes from our parents.

Although, even in cases where people are raised away

from their parents through adoption, et cetera,

it’s very hard to separate nature and nurture

because somebody with a natural proclivity for things

might engage in those things more, et cetera, et cetera.

The point is that for those of you

that are very, very good at divergent thinking

or very, very good at convergent thinking,

some of that might’ve been inherited,

but more than likely some of that depended

on the kinds of activities that you engaged in

in your early years,

in particular in the years between age five and 25.

And for those of you that are aged between five and 25,

all I can say is please learn to engage

both divergent and convergent thinking

as much as possible

because you will enhance your ability for both.

For those of you 25 and older,

you can still enhance your ability

to engage divergent and convergent thinking.

And the fortunate news, the equalizer, I should say,

is that regardless of whether or not

you are naturally better at divergent or convergent thinking

or you acquired it through activities,

you need both in order to be creative.

So what we know is that in order to engage

divergent thinking, we need access to our memory banks.

We need to come up with possibilities

and those possibilities can only come

from what’s contained within our memory systems

of our brain, areas like the hippocampus, et cetera.

But the names again, don’t matter.

We just know that if we are going to come up

with novel combinations of things or novel uses of things

or totally new ideas about how objects or notes of music

or foods or tastes or whatever can be combined,

we have to do that with preexisting knowledge.

And yet what we need to do

in order to engage divergent thinking

is suppress what is called autobiographical narratives.

And in particular autobiographical narratives,

we need to discard with judgments

about how certain combinations of things

impacted us in the past.

Now, this is, I think is what people mean

when they encourage the exploration of creativity

by so-called boundary exploration.

You hear about this a lot

in kind of the self-help and psychology literature.

And I’m not at all disparaging of that literature,

although rarely does it define exactly how and why

to go about being more creative in the,

or in this case, to be more divergent in our thinking.

So they’ll say, you have to take risks

or you have to suppress judgment,

but how do you actually do that?

Well, there’s a wonderful paper

that talks about one way to do it.

One way to do it is what’s called

open monitoring meditation

or even just open monitoring thinking.

And just to make what could otherwise

be a somewhat complex section here very simple,

what I’ll also tell you

is that if you want to enhance convergent thinking,

you can do that a number of ways,

but you can do that in particular

by doing a different type of meditation or thought process,

which is called focused attention meditation.

So let’s talk about open monitoring meditation

and why it’s so useful for enhancing divergent thinking,

this critical element of the creative process.

First of all, open monitoring meditation

and focused attention meditation

can be performed the exact same way physically.

You can sit there, eyes closed.

I don’t care if you’re in a lotus position,

it doesn’t really matter.

You’re lying down, you’re standing up.

You could in theory do open monitoring meditation

with eyes open,

and that would be an interesting variant on it.

But for sake of the discussion right now,

let’s just focus on the study

that talks about these specific tools

and the way that they were used in the study.

The title of the paper that I’m essentially summarizing

is called open monitoring meditation

reduces the involvement of brain regions

related to memory function.

Now, right off the bat,

that should cue you to something interesting.

Something about divergent thinking and open monitoring

is related to suppressing memory.

But as you recall, just a few moments ago,

I said that in order to engage in divergent thinking,

you need to kind of kill off the narratives

of what has to be related to what

and come up with new narratives.

You still need to understand possibilities,

but you need to forget prior understanding

of what those possibilities have to be

and start thinking about what those possibilities could be.

And so that it turns out involves suppression

of certain brain areas.

Open monitoring meditation is typically done

for about 10 to 30 minutes, although it could be longer.

And unlike other forms of meditation

where you sit and concentrate on your breathing

and trying to redirect your thinking back to your breathing

or to your posture or to a chant or a mantra,

open monitoring meditation is simply a matter

of having you sit there or lie down, close your eyes

and to allow whatever surfaces in your mind to surface.

And what you practice is the practice of non-judgment.

Now, non-judgment itself is a little bit of an abstract theme

because of course, the moment you say, don’t judge,

you and others start to judge.

It’s just the way that the brain works.

You say, don’t think about an elephant,

you think about an elephant, that’s a perfectly natural.

You go to an edge of a bridge or a cliff

and you think about jumping off

even though you don’t, please don’t, jump off.

And that’s because it’s part of the circuitry

that’s keeping you from jumping off

is the thought about what would happen if you did, okay?

So open monitoring meditation involves dedicating

a certain amount of time where you close your eyes

and whatever thoughts arise, whatever emotions arise,

whatever ideas arise, to watch those

and take an inventory of them,

to just merely watch them show up and pass

or maybe you become fixated on them for some period of time

or maybe even just one for a long period of time.

All of that is fine.

In other words, whatever surfaces, surfaces.

That’s open monitoring meditation.

And that we know from brain imaging studies

and we know from measurements of dopamine

in particular brain circuits.

And we know from people who train

with open monitoring meditation on a regular basis

improves divergent thinking capability.

So in terms of tools, practicing open monitoring meditation

or what I would just call open monitoring thinking

is going to be immensely useful.

And this is actually an opportunity to cue up something

that I mentioned in our episode on meditation

which goes deep into the different kinds of meditation

involving focus inward and outward, et cetera.

You’re welcome to check out that episode.

It’s at hubermanlab.com.

But the point is that rather than think about

the word meditation, which carries a bunch of ideas

about what it is and what it isn’t and how to do it,

meditation is really just a perceptual exercise.

For instance, you could do a meditation

where you look at a single point on a wall for five minutes

and redirect your focus to that single point on a wall

over and over again every time your mind drifts

as it no doubt would, or to a tone in the room,

you can attend to that and redirect to that.

Rather than think about as a meditation,

it’s really just a perceptual exercise.

That’s all that meditation is.

So open monitoring meditation

is really just a form of perception

where you’re paying attention,

you’re perceiving your thoughts

without laying judgment to those thoughts

or trying not to lay judgment to those thoughts.

And what people find is that they very quickly

within a few days get better

at doing open monitoring meditation.

And fortunately within just a few days

and certainly within about a week or more of practice,

and it doesn’t even have to be daily practice.

So although of course daily practice

will accelerate the process further,

people become significantly better at divergent thinking.

And that’s because of the dopamine circuits

and in particular along the nigrostriatal pathway

becoming more active.

And the wonderful thing is that when you repeat a practice

and a particular neural circuit

is engaged over and over again deliberately,

that neural circuit becomes easier to engage,

so-called neuroplasticity.

So I would encourage any of you

that want to explore the creative process

for whatever reason or get better at the creative process,

dedicate some amount of time,

maybe even just five minutes every other day

to doing this open monitoring meditation.

I’ve tried this meditation,

it’s actually quite fun to do

because at least to me it feels a lot easier

than the meditation associated with convergent thinking.

Now, the convergent thinking meditation

is the so-called focus attention meditation.

And that’s also described in the same study

and other studies have explored

which particular brain networks it involves.

And I can just tell you that focused attention meditation,

which you can think of,

or I’d prefer that you think of

just as a perceptual exercise,

involves sitting or lying down,

closing your eyes, focusing either on your breath

or some element of your body,

could be the tops of your knees or the clasp of your hands.

It could be focusing on an auditory tone,

you could even do it eyes open

and stare at a point on a wall or a flame of light,

whatever it happens to be

that allows you to redirect your focus

to a particular location or idea or sound,

that is known to improve your ability

to engage convergent thinking,

to quickly parse through

or analyze a bunch of different choices

and to persist in choice selection

and therefore more rapidly arrive at the correct answer.

This is well-established and in fact,

in the episode that I did with a wonderful guest,

Dr. Wendy Suzuki from New York University,

she talked about how a daily meditation

of about 10 to 13 minutes performed for about eight weeks,

that’s what they explored.

And that study greatly increases people’s ability

to focus and in fact, their memory.

And that’s exactly the point,

which is that convergent thinking,

as I mentioned before,

requires persistence, focus and access to specific memories.

So if you are somebody who wants to get better at focusing,

that is the meditation for you.

However, because today we’re talking about creativity,

if you are somebody who wants to get better

at divergent thinking and convergent thinking,

the two elements of creativity, that is,

I would encourage you to do a dual meditation,

that is a meditation that starts with open monitoring

for maybe five to 10 minutes

and then transitions to focused attention

for maybe five to 10 minutes.

Because the positioning of divergent thinking

and then convergent thinking close together,

more closely resembles what the creative process really is

and what it typically involves.

Most of us would love to have a situation

where we can spend a morning or a day or a week

brainstorming, just kind of brainstorming.

Whatever we think about is fine, that’s divergent thinking.

Whatever elements, just throw them up on the whiteboard.

We sometimes see people and companies doing this at retreats

and you bring people into a novel environment.

You say, let’s just forget all the rules

and let’s just come up with new ideas about something,

new uses of something, new strategies,

and nothing is too crazy, nothing’s off limits.

And sure, that’s a useful exercise, so-called brainstorming.

But at some point,

there’s the requirement to cross off things.

And typically that’s done later in the retreat

or later in the meeting or later in the weekend.

And that’s a wonderful way to approach creativity

and to try and be creative.

But not a lot of people train for that on a regular basis.

So what I just described to you

are research tested tools for training

for divergent thinking and convergent thinking.

And I would encourage people who are interested

in being more creative to try and do these

on a somewhat regular basis.

If not every day,

then certainly a few times a week or more.

Certainly the more you do it,

the better you’re going to get at it.

That’s well demonstrated in the literature.

And if you’re somebody who’s very consistent

doing maybe five minutes of open monitoring meditation

and five minutes immediately after

of focused attention meditation daily,

you can expect that you will get very, very good

at these processes very, very quickly.

Now, I’m not going to go into a lengthy description

of the different lines of evidence

that the corresponding areas of the brain are active

in each of these different kinds of meditation.

But what I can tell you is that there’ve been

some beautiful, what are called loss of function studies

where particular brain areas are either depleted of dopamine

or where dopamine in some cases,

I guess what we would call gain of function studies,

although not the kind of gain of function studies

associated with virology,

different gain of function studies

where you enhance the level of dopamine in the brain.

What you find is that both divergent

and convergent thinking are enhanced

when levels of dopamine are elevated.

Now, we’re not necessarily talking about pharmacology here.

It turns out that there are other ways to elevate dopamine

that make us better at divergent and convergent thinking

in particular by using mood.

And now I’d like to talk about how,

what mood you are in

when you happen to start a creative process

or try and do a sort of training

such as open monitoring meditation or focus meditation,

how your mood relates to your level of dopamine at baseline,

what we call your sort of tonic as it’s called,

meaning consistent or ongoing level of dopamine,

how that dictates whether or not you are going to be better

at one particular aspect of the creative process or another

and how you can enhance your creativity

in the very short term, very quickly using tools

that are known to trigger additional release of dopamine,

which in some cases is good

and in some cases is bad, I should mention.

And in other words,

determine how you feel in one moment

should dictate what sort of tool you should use

in order to become more creative.

The relationship between mood and creativity

is a fascinating one that is bridged by one main feature,

which is the amount of dopamine present

in this nigrostriatal pathway.

And there’s a really wonderful correlate

or measure of the amount of dopamine

that’s active in that pathway

that can be addressed non-invasively in the laboratory.

As I mentioned, the nigrostriatal pathway

is involved in movement and in eye blinking,

which of course is a movement.

It’s not a movement of the sort that we typically think of

when we think of movements,

but nonetheless it relies on dopamine levels in this pathway

and in fact, we can state very confidently

that when dopamine levels are elevated,

the blinking reflex is more active.

People just blink more.

When dopamine levels are lower

or less active in this pathway,

people tend to blink less.

So blink frequency is a common measure

in studies of dopamine within this pathway

that relate to creativity.

The work that I’m about to describe

is largely the work of two authors

who have done wonderful work across several papers.

Unfortunately for me, their names are difficult to pronounce

so I apologize to them and their relatives

for what is sure to be incorrect pronunciation.

But the last names of these authors

are Cermahini and Hommel.

They’re in the Netherlands.

So Cermahini and Hommel done a number of different papers

or studies rather of the relationship

between blinking mood and creativity,

in particular divergent thinking.

What they found is that if people are blinking fairly often

and they measure their mood through subjective tests

and if they were to do brain imaging,

which other studies have done,

they find is that those people

can engage in divergent thinking very easily.

In other words, being in a good mood

facilitates divergent thinking.

Now, some of you might immediately say, well, duh.

If you’re in a good mood,

you can kind of be more playful about the exploration

about what could happen with these notes of music

or these foods, et cetera.

But it’s not so obvious because it turns out

that if your dopamine levels are very, very high

and this can be measured non-invasively

through the frequency of blinks

or it can be measured more invasively through brain imaging,

even through blood draws

or other methods to measure dopamine.

If dopamine levels are very, very high,

what you observe is that divergent thinking

is actually very, very poor.

Now, a naturally occurring, truly pathological example

of this would be something like manic bipolar disorder

where somebody is in the manic phase

or somebody who has taken methamphetamine or cocaine.

What tends to happen is that they have lots

and lots of ideas.

All of those ideas seem really exciting to them.

But if you were to talk to them for any given moment,

they would be very fixated

on one particular tunnel of ideas.

And by being fixated on one particular tunnel of ideas,

like the idea that they’re going to run

for president tomorrow.

This is unfortunately typical of people who have bipolar,

which is not to say that everybody who runs

for president is bipolar.

Rather, people who are bipolar often have these delusions

of grandeur that they’re somehow going to be president

simply because they decided to

and that they were selected to do this, et cetera, et cetera.

Ideas about themselves and other people

that are very constrained.

In other words, not very divergent.

So divergent thinking is favored

by having elevated levels of dopamine, but not too high.

Well, that of course creates a conundrum.

How do you know how much dopamine you need

and how to achieve those elevated levels of dopamine?

Well, leaving aside people who are suffering

from a manic episode,

what Cermahini and Homel have discovered is

that if people are in sort of a low mood,

they’re not feeling great.

Maybe they’re depressed,

but they’re just not feeling that great.

They feel, you know, on a scale of one to 10

around a two or a three, maybe a four.

The probability that they will be able to engage effectively

in divergent thinking is quite low.

However, the good news is they are typically

very susceptible to elevations in mood

through observing or hearing positive stories,

listening to music that they like,

any kind of so-called inspirational stimuli.

What this means is that

if you’re somebody who’s not feeling very motivated

to engage in divergent thinking,

you’re not feeling very creative,

you’re feeling a little low,

the thing to do in that case is actually

to take external stimuli,

things that you know that you like

and start interacting with those stimuli

to get your mood elevated

and then to engage in divergent thinking.

However, what Cermahini and Homel have also shown is

that if people are already in a very good mood,

elevating dopamine further is not conducive

and in fact is detrimental to divergent thinking.

And in that case, they would be better off,

for example, not engaging in any activities

or you know, taking anything in the way of pharmacology

that would further increase their dopamine

and probably limiting the amount of external stimuli

that are coming in through music and visual stimuli

and really focusing on divergent thinking

in the creative process immediately.

Now, this is important.

In an earlier episode,

both on bipolar and on other forms of depression,

I talked about how rates of bipolar manic episodes

and dopamine levels and creativity tend to be correlated.

Now, unfortunately, rates of suicide

are 20 to 30 times higher

in people who have bipolar disorder as well.

And so there’s a whole dark side to the bipolar disorder

that makes it a very, very dangerous

and important disorder to treat.

But for sake of the discussion of creativity,

what this means is that we all need to develop

some sort of intuitive sense

as to whether or not our mood is,

suppose we could bend this into three categories,

is kind of yes, you know, happy, excited, positive mood.

And of course, there are going to be levels to that.

Low, kind of like mm, or kind of meh,

kind of in the middle.

So if you’re in a low mood or kind of meh mood,

by all means, engage in something

probably for about five to 30 minutes

that elevates your mood

before trying to engage in divergent thinking.

However, if you happen to be in a pretty positive mood,

even if you’re not 10 out of 10 on mood,

then bringing in additional stimuli

to increase your levels of dopamine will not help you

and in fact can hurt the divergent thinking process.

So in that case, I would also encourage you

to think about something that was discussed

on a previous episode,

which is the particular effects of caffeine.

I’ll get into caffeine a little bit later,

but just very briefly,

caffeine increases levels of dopamine receptors.

So it’s not that caffeine is bad.

In fact, caffeine can be neuroprotective,

it can enhance focus and so forth.

But divergent thinking is sort of anti-focus.

It requires just enough focus

to be able to come up with new ideas,

but you actually don’t want to be overly focused.

Focus is more conducive to conversion thinking.

In fact, that’s exactly what the literature shows,

is that caffeine,

because its effects on epinephrine and related systems

in the brain like adenosine,

but mainly because of its effects on persistence and focus

is very conducive to convergent thinking.

So if you’re somebody who wants to explore creativity

and wants to get better at creativity,

you now know that you need to engage in divergent thinking

and then afterwards convergent thinking.

I would recommend not using stimulants such as caffeine

prior to divergent thinking,

but rather use stimulants

if you do want to use stimulants such as caffeine

prior to convergent thinking.

And in fact, in formulating the architecture

of today’s episode,

which took me many hours across many different days,

I confess, I actually decided to try this.

In trying to imagine the different configurations

and ways that this information can be organized,

I deliberately abstained from caffeine

during those bouts of work.

And when structuring everything

according to the decisions I had already made,

I purposely ingested caffeine prior to that.

Now, of course, constructing a podcast episode

is not really the ultimate example of a creative act

because of course it’s taking existing information,

it’s arranging it in novel ways,

but it doesn’t necessarily allow key concepts

to pop out in the way that for instance,

Banksy or Rothko or an Escher would pop out, okay?

I’m certainly not naive in thinking that it does,

but the principle is what’s important here.

You need divergent thinking, you need convergent thinking.

You need some level of elevated dopamine

in order to engage in divergent thinking,

but not so high that it starts to inhibit that process.

Now, if you were to come into the laboratory,

this could be measured by your frequency of blinking.

For better, for worse,

we can’t actually count the number of times that we blink

unless we’re actively paying attention to it.

So I don’t recommend that you pay attention to your blinking

because that will take you off course

from all the other important things of your life.

And how many times you’re blinking

is rarely an important thing for you to pay attention to.

You can, however, learn to calibrate your mood,

that is to assess your mood,

whether or not you’re in low, medium, or high mood,

no problem using that broad binning, right?

You could scale it on one to 10,

and then decide whether or not you’re going to use

some dopamine elevating stimulus from the outside.

Again, it could be music,

could be exercise is an excellent way to elevate dopamine.

I’ll talk about another well-established one

from the research literature

that is known to elevate dopamine by 65%

in the particular pathway

that’s relevant for divergent thinking,

and to do that without any pharmacology.

I’ll share that with you in a moment,

but you need to decide for you in a given moment

or in a given work attempt at creativity,

what you need and apply accordingly,

because as Ciaramini and Hummel have shown,

whether or not you are in a low mood, medium mood,

or high mood really can determine whether or not

you’ll be able to access divergent thinking or not.

Now, if you’re somebody who already has an idea in mind,

you’re very excited about a creative idea

and you want to hone it, you want to shape it,

you want to pressure test it.

We’ll talk a little bit more about what that means

in a three-step process in just a little bit.

I would strongly encourage you to look at that process

as a very linear process

in which there are right and wrong answers.

And there, the use of caffeine at appropriate dosages

and dosages for caffeine that are safe,

and in fact, performance enhancing,

we’re covered in the episode on caffeine.

Turns out it’s one to three milligrams per kilogram

of body weight, by the way.

And if you want to leverage caffeine

or maybe even other forms of healthy legal stimulants,

those are covered in the caffeine episode

and I’ll talk about a few more a little bit later.

So to summarize this segment

and also just to make a more general point,

I think it’s very useful for people to start

to pay attention to what their tonic level,

that is their baseline level of dopamine,

ought to be in this nigrostriatal circuit

and in other circuits.

And to do that by learning to assess one’s mood

and pay attention to what kind of mood

they happen to be in and then to leverage tools,

behavioral tools, maybe pharmacologic tools,

provided they’re safe and they’re legal,

in order to either increase dopamine

or to elect not to increase dopamine

in order to access the creative process.

Now, I’ve mentioned pharmacology a few times.

I’d like to talk about that just a little bit more

in the context of dopamine.

First of all, there is no supplement or drug

that you or anyone else can take

that will selectively elevate dopamine

in only one of the four circuits that I described before.

Okay, this is just the state of the technology nowadays.

If you take a pill

or even if you were to inject some substance,

again, I hope this would be legal and safe, et cetera,

whatever mode of delivery,

there is no technology that exists at this time

that would allow you to selectively amplify dopamine,

for instance, just in the nigrostriatal pathway

or just in the mesocortical pathway.

Again, the nigrostriatal pathway

associated with divergent thinking,

the mesocortical pathway associated

with cognitive persistence and convergent thinking.

If you were to amplify dopamine levels,

for instance, by taking the amino acid precursor

to dopamine L-tyrosine,

something that I occasionally do

to enhance dopamine levels for sake of work or energy,

500 milligrams or 1,000 milligrams even of L-tyrosine,

sometimes I’ll combine that with other things like alpha-GPC,

it’s going to enhance dopamine transmission

in the nigrostriatal pathway,

the mesocortical pathway,

but also in the mesolimbic pathway,

and also for that matter,

in the tuberoinframedibular pathway

associated with the pituitary.

There is no way to direct dopamine activation

to just one of those pathways.

That’s just a reflection of the existing technology.

Now, this is also true if you rely on illicit drugs

to increase dopamine.

So if it’s cocaine or methamphetamine,

those will greatly increase dopamine,

but non-selectively across all those different pathways.

And likewise, with any drugs that inhibit or block

or antagonizes, it’s called dopamine.

This is why people who, for instance,

have schizophrenia and take drugs

to suppress auditory hallucinations,

some of those drugs work

because they block the so-called D2 receptor

of the dopamine pathway.

D2 receptors are present in all four

of the dopaminergic pathways in the brain.

And oftentimes, those drugs will in fact

suppress psychotic symptoms, auditory hallucinations,

et cetera, because they reduce dopamine,

but those people oftentimes

will have problems with movement.

They will express what’s called

in the clinical literature tardive dyskinesia,

kind of writhing of the face and the body

from suppression of dopamine

within the nigrostriatal pathway,

which is associated with movement.

They will sometimes have deficits in eye blinking.

People with Parkinson’s who actually have selective deficits

of dopamine within the substantia nigra,

nigrostriatal, remember, substantia nigra,

show deficits in what?

In movement, in the smoothness of movement.

Oftentimes they won’t blink at all.

They’ll have kind of a blank stare

and they have other issues as well.

So if you’re somebody who’s interested

in increasing dopamine through the use

of legal safe pharmacology,

as I would hope it would be the case,

there are ways to do that reasonably safely

for most people.

Again, people with bipolar disorder

or issues with the dopaminergic pathway should not do this.

I know nowadays there’s a lot of use

of drugs that increase dopamine,

such as Ritalin, Adderall, Modafinil, R-Modafinil,

often prescribed for things like

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

We did an entire episode on ADHD

and pharmacologic prescription supplement

and behavioral and nutritional tools for ADHD.

You can find that episode at hubermanlab.com.

I know a number of people take those compounds

in order to increase dopamine and focus

for sake of studying or other activities,

staying up long hours, et cetera.

And the fact that they increase focus,

although they do have their side effects,

sometimes severe, sometimes habit forming,

sometimes even addicting as well.

But the fact that they increase focus

should automatically tell you something,

that those drugs in particular increase dopamine

in the so-called mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways.

Why can I say that?

How can I say that with any degree of confidence?

Well, there are these four pathways,

one’s involved in movement,

but these other ones are involved in motivation

and desire and reward.

And I told you that these things can be habit forming

and addicting in some cases,

and they can greatly increase focus.

And focus is supported by enhanced levels of dopamine

within this mesolimbic and mesocortical pathway.

So yes, those drugs increase dopamine across the board,

but there does seem to be some weighting of dopamine

toward the systems involved in motivation and reward,

and sometimes even leading to habit formation and addiction.

That’s why those drugs should only be taken

with the close supervision of a very skilled psychiatrist

or somebody else who’s board certified

who can really govern that.

There are, however, ways to increase dopamine

more evenly across the board

using non-prescription approaches.

And one I already mentioned, which is L-tyrosine,

taken typically in dosages of 500 to 1,000 milligrams.

L-tyrosine is not as potent in increasing dopamine

as are the prescription drugs that I referred to before,

tends to be milder for some people,

it can have a very amplified effect,

they feel it right away,

it’s very intense in elevating focus and motivation

and the desire to move.

For other people, it’s less potent.

It really depends on a number of things.

I should mention that regular consumption of caffeine

of one to three milligrams per kilogram

of body weight per day

also will increase dopamine receptor efficacy and density,

which will make any existing dopamine more effective,

whether or not that dopamine is triggered

by things like L-tyrosine,

or if you’re not taking anything to elevate dopamine,

the dopamine that you do make will be more effective

in elevating your mood, motivation, and desire to move,

and by extension, divergent thinking,

if you are consuming caffeine.

But again, caffeine should be taken

prior to convergent thinking type tasks

probably more than it should be taken

prior to divergent thinking tasks.

And of course, there are other legal supplements

that can elevate dopamine as well.

In particular, phenylethylamine is very effective

in doing that, 600 milligrams of that,

has a brief effect lasting only about 30 to 45 minutes,

but it is one that many people find beneficial

for sake of studying or for creative thinking

and so on and so forth.

Now that’s pharmacology,

and in fact, there’s an extensive landscape of prescription

and supplement-based pharmacology and indeed nutrition.

For instance, the consumption of foods

that are high in L-tyrosine,

such as aged Parmesan cheese, for instance, of all things,

very, very high in L-tyrosine,

the precursor to dopamine.

Certain foods, you can look up online

which foods contain high levels of L-tyrosine

and which ones are compatible with your nutrition.

But leaving pharmacology aside,

there’s a very exciting non-pharmacological tool,

a purely behavioral tool,

that the research literature has told us

can selectively increase dopamine

within the nigrostriatal pathway,

the pathway that’s involved in divergent thinking,

and can do so very dramatically,

as much as 65% above baseline.

And so this is a behavioral tool

that is useful for a number of things,

but that I find particularly interesting

in leveraging towards the exploration

and enhancement of creativity,

because first of all, it’s purely behavioral,

so it’s zero cost,

and it involves no manipulation of brain neuromodulators

or chemistry through pharmacology.

So it’s something that you can explore very safely

and certainly not having to purchase anything.

And what’s really remarkable is the selectivity,

or I think it’s fair to say the immense selectivity

that this particular behavioral intervention

seems to exert on dopamine within this pathway

associated with divergent thinking.

So the study that I’m about to describe

is a study that dates back 20 years.

Now that should not concern you.

In fact, the early arrival of this study,

or what now seems to be early arrival,

I mean, it wasn’t that long ago,

is really exciting because the first line of this study

really illustrates how important

or how much of a landmark study this really is.

And so I’ll just read you the first line of the study,

then I’ll tell you the title,

then I’ll tell you what they discovered

in fairly top contour,

and we will provide a link to the study

if you want to peruse it in more detail.

The first line of the study is,

this is the first in vivo, just meaning in the organism.

In this case, this was a study on humans.

This is the first in vivo demonstration

of an association between

an endogenous neurotransmitter release,

endogenous means within us, and conscious experience.

So what this sentence essentially says

is this is the first study exploring

how a chemical that’s naturally released in our body

relates to a particular quality of conscious experience.

This study was performed in Scandinavia

in one of the hospitals in Denmark.

Again, we’ll provide a link.

The first author is Kjer,

I think I’m pronouncing it correctly,

although probably not, K-J-A-E-R, et al.

And the title of the study is

Increased Dopamine Tone

During Meditation-Induced Change of Consciousness.

And I want to just highlight

that the meditation used in this study

isn’t really a meditation at all.

I don’t know why they selected that for the title.

The behavioral protocol used in this study

was more akin to what is normally called yoga nidra,

or NSDR, non-sleep deep rest.

Now, yoga nidra and NSDR have been discussed

many times before on this podcast.

Yoga nidra, for instance, is a practice

that’s been around for hundreds, if not thousands of years,

in which people deliberately lie still.

So they’re forcing themselves to be mostly motionless.

Small movements are fine.

And they’re directing their attention

to the surface of their body.

They’re doing long exhale breathing,

sometimes some intentions, sometimes some visualization,

but it’s really self-directed relaxation.

And the key component is that people stay awake

and engage in very little movement.

And the keyword there is movement.

Now, non-sleep deep rest is an acronym,

a term that I coined.

It’s not a term that I coined

in order to try and wipe away or discard with yoga nidra.

I’m a person who has great respect

for yoga nidra and its traditions.

It’s a term that I coined

in order to encompass a number of practices

that don’t include any mystical-type language

or scientific language, for that matter,

and that doesn’t involve intentions.

It involves deep relaxation,

yet remaining wide awake and conscious.

Sometimes people fall asleep and that’s okay,

but this is really an atypical brain state

of being deeply relaxed, yet in general awake,

and motionless.

Again, motionless being the key.

Very few brain states involve us being mostly,

if not completely motionless, and yet awake.

And it turns out that brain state,

whether or not you call it yoga nidra,

you call it NSDR,

whether or not you call it meditation-induced

shift in consciousness as they did in this study,

although they do refer to yoga nidra,

all refer to the same thing,

which is being motionless and yet aware,

and relaxed, I should mention.

So in this study, what they did

was they brought subjects into the laboratory.

They had them either undergo

this self-directed deep relaxation

while they are motionless or mostly motionless,

or they had them listen to an audio script

while also just lying there with eyes closed.

And then they used a number of chemical tricks,

and I don’t want to get too deep into those now

because they can be a little bit distracting.

For those of you that are interested,

you can look at it in the study.

This is a binding of a chemical in the brain

that then they can image with brain imaging,

which is what they did in this study,

to evaluate how much dopamine changed in the brain

and where specifically in the brain

dopamine changed its levels before, during, and after

this particular behavioral practice

in one or the other group.

And what they discovered is that

people who did this deep relaxation,

that is self-directed deep relaxation,

lying there, eyes closed, relatively motionless,

although small movements of the body

or movements of the head are absolutely fine.

What they observed was a 65% increase in dopamine release.

Now here it’s key, dopamine release.

And they observed an increase in so-called theta activity.

Theta activity is a pattern of brainwave activity

that’s commonly associated with creative states

and divergent thinking in particular, so that’s important.

And they observed that across subjects,

specifically in the nigrostriatal pathway,

this pathway associated with divergent thinking.

So this is very exciting.

This is a study that really points to a behavioral tool

that can be used to selectively elevate dopamine

in the very pathway that one would want to

if they wanted to engage divergent thinking

for sake of creative exploration.

There are also a number of key observations

within this study.

First of all, the reduction in bodily movement

was essential.

In fact, when people rated

or when the amount of readiness for action in their system,

their body was evaluated,

what people found was that immediately after this practice,

they felt very still.

In other words, they felt as if remaining still was natural.

Now it’s not the case that they couldn’t move.

In fact, the elevation in dopamine that occurred

during this practice,

this yoga nidra-like non-sleep or NSDR-like practice

actually prepared them to be able to move

in a much more dedicated and robust way afterwards.

But during the practice,

their readiness for action went way, way down.

Not surprising, they were pretty much motionless.

But interestingly, as the level of readiness for movement

went down, down, down, down, down,

their degree of visual imagery,

that is their internal landscape

and their ability to imagine new things increased.

And in fact, areas of the brain

that are associated with visual imagery,

such as the visual or so-called occipital cortex

and the parietal cortex has been shown in other studies

to ramp up when people are motionless.

So there seems to be this inverse relationship

between movement and visual imagery, which makes sense.

When we’re moving,

we can pay attention to things in the outside world.

We tend to be aware of our sensory environment

to varying degrees,

but we don’t tend to be very focused on visual imagery

within our head.

Whereas when we lie down or sit down and close our eyes

and we are motionless,

the degree of visual imagery really increases.

Hence the increase in divergent thinking

because what essentially is happening

is the library of options,

the library of possible interactions

with whatever it is that you’re thinking about.

I give the example,

which is a trivial one on purpose of a pen,

but the bank of options that becomes available

when we are motionless

and when we are limiting our visualization

of the external world increases exponentially.

So this is important.

And what it points to is the fact

that this very simple,

completely non-pharmacologic behavioral practice

of lying down motionless for some period of time.

And I confess the amount of time

that they use in this study was quite long.

It was longer than 60 minutes,

but all the data that I’m aware of

in terms of NSDR and Yoganidra,

and there’s a growing body of literature

on these practices I should mention,

show that even 10 minutes

or even better would be 20 or 30 minutes

of lying motionless with eyes closed

and allowing the mind to drift wherever it happens to go,

but focusing on relaxing by doing long exhale breathing,

perhaps doing a body scan

of focusing your attention on particular body parts,

but not keeping it focused

on any one particular body part for that long.

That general practice of deep relaxation while awake

and being relatively motionless

really favors the brain states

associated with divergent thinking

and actually represents an accessing

of the various components

that you would use during divergent thinking.

And perhaps most excitingly,

it’s associated with this massive increase,

65% increase in dopamine release

within the very pathway that underlies divergent thinking.

So my recommendation would be for those of you

that are trying to enhance divergent thinking

and creative ability,

that you would do this practice at a minimum once per week.

And I should say, if you were going to do it once per week,

I’d recommend doing it for about 20 to 30 minutes.

Some of you might be able to do it

for as long as 60 minutes.

I myself do such a practice on a daily basis,

anywhere from 10 minutes to 20 minutes,

sometimes 30 minutes.

There’s an example of an NSDR script,

completely zero cost.

I confess it does happen to be my voice,

so forgive me in advance.

There are other options of NSDR.

You can go to YouTube, put NSDR and my name.

Again, completely zero cost.

You can get a sample

of what a 10 minute NSDR script looks like.

Through Virtusan, put that out there.

So thank you, Virtusan,

for putting that out there at zero cost.

There are examples of 20 and 30 minute NSDR scripts

and yoga nidra scripts.

Some that I particularly like.

We will also provide a link to some of those.

Again, those are completely zero cost for you to explore.

But more important than you follow any one particular

yoga nidra NSDR script

is that you learn to take your body and brain

into these states of limited motion,

elevated dopamine within this particular pathway,

and fairly deep relaxation.

Again, if you happen to fall asleep,

that’s not necessarily a bad thing.

Although the idea is that you stay in a shallow plane

of consciousness or sleep,

hence the term non-sleep deep rest.

So in any event,

I think this is a very useful practice

that many people could benefit from.

And the fact that it’s zero cost and purely behavioral,

I think adds additional benefit

because it’s certainly one that people could explore

depending on what amount of time you’re willing to commit.

And the research data on this

now extend beyond this one individual paper.

And I think is really exciting because what it says

is as the title and first line of the paper suggests

is that we can increase dopamine

using specific types of meditation induced consciousness.

And those increases in dopamine can be used

to increase our ability to be more creative.

Before moving forward,

I want to make absolutely clear

how it is that you would use NSDR,

AKA yoga nidra or similar.

The name doesn’t really matter after all,

the practice is what matters

in order to enhance dopamine in this nigrostriatal pathway

and enhance divergent thinking.

The key thing to understand here

is that the period of motionlessness

and deep relaxation while awake

increases dopamine in the nigrostriatal pathway.

It increases mental imagery.

That is, it increases access to the bank or the library,

if you will, of possible solutions

or elements to engage in the divergent thinking process.

But divergent thinking itself does not occur

during NSDR, AKA yoga nidra.

The NSDR and yoga nidra, deep relaxation, meditation,

whatever it is you want to call it,

sets a dopaminergic tone.

And that’s actually the appropriate use of the word,

dopaminergic tone.

It raises the baseline of dopamine transmission

in that circuitry that then positions you

to engage in divergent thinking more effectively.

So the idea would be to do anywhere from 10 to 20,

maybe 30 minutes, maybe even as much as an hour,

depending on how much time you had to dedicate

of such a meditation NSDR practice.

And then, not necessarily immediately,

but within the five to 15 minutes following,

then to go into a practice of divergent thinking

and start doing creative exploration.

That is to start thinking about different ways

to combine existing elements in whatever domain it is

that you want to achieve creativity.

So the point is that the divergent thinking itself

is not occurring during the NSDR or yoga nidra practice.

The NSDR and yoga nidra practice

prepares you for divergent thinking

that you do in the hour or hours that follows.

And just to contrast that with pharmacology,

I am not aware of any specific dopamine-related pharmacology

that would allow us to selectively increase dopamine

in the very pathway associated

with divergent thinking and creativity.

Now, there are forms of pharmacology

that can shift brain neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

in ways that favor creativity.

And this is certainly a topic

that we will go into in more depth in a future episode,

but there’s an exciting study

that was performed just this last year

looking at the role of serotonin, another neuromodulator,

in divergent and convergent thinking.

And it turns out that serotonin

underlies a lot of the brain activity

that’s responsible for both divergent

and for convergent thinking.

And there’s one particular form of pharmacology

which can enhance activation

of the serotonergic pathways associated

with the so-called 5-HT, that’s serotonin,

5-HT, that’s the abbreviation, 5-HT2A receptor,

serotonin 2A receptor in particular brain areas

in ways that favor both divergent and convergent thinking.

And the pharmacologic agent in that case

turns out to be very low dose,

or as some of you may have heard of it referred to

as microdosing of psilocybin.

Now I do want to say,

because it would be entirely inappropriate

for me to not say this,

that in most areas of the world,

and in particular in the United States,

psilocybin is still illegal.

It is not legal.

In some areas, it has been decriminalized.

And there are a number of different clinical trials

occurring now at Johns Hopkins, at Stanford,

at University of California, San Francisco,

and elsewhere exploring psilocybin

for the treatment of depression,

for trauma, for eating disorders.

Most of those studies focus on macro doses of psilocybin,

not microdosing.

There are far fewer studies of microdosing of psilocybin.

And I do have to point out that psilocybin use

and possession, and of course, sale is still illegal.

So I would be remiss if I didn’t state that.

However, I will provide a link to the study

that shows that microdosing of psilocybin

for a series of weeks on a daily basis.

So these are dosages of psilocybin

that do not induce hallucination

and do not massively shift mood or internal states

in any way that has people feeling like they are acting

or feeling that much different,

although some people do report a subjective shift,

does seem to increase divergent thinking ability.

But I do want to put a big asterisk,

a highlight and an underlying pen

beneath the statement I’m about to make,

which is that pharmacology of the serotonin system,

just as pharmacology of the dopamine system

is very broadband.

It’s a shotgun approach.

You’re going to hit all the circuits of the brain

that involve serotonin with microdosing psilocybin.

Although it has some selectivity for the 5-HT2A receptor,

it can attach to other receptors as well and act there.

This is the same reason why SSRI,

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,

can indeed shift mood and appetite,

but it can also shift libido and other things.

It’s because there are serotonin receptors everywhere,

or I should say many places,

not just in the areas of the brain

that are associated with mood, for instance.

And as I mentioned before,

agents, whether or not they are recreational

or illicit drugs or prescription drugs or supplements,

that increased dopamine will also be broadband

and hit a number of different circuits in parallel.

So this is why I always say

behavioral tools really should come first.

I don’t say that because I dislike pharmacology.

I say that because in many cases,

behavioral tools are not only safer and easier to titrate,

to adjust the duration, et cetera, than is pharmacology,

but also because they can sometimes,

as in the case of the study we just described,

afford you more specificity, not less, than pharmacology.

Pharmacology has its place, can be wonderful,

provided it’s safe and legal, et cetera,

but it can cause a lot of so-called off-target effects.

So for those of you that are interested

in increasing creativity through pharmacology,

I would say stay tuned for the data

on psilocybin and microdosing psilocybin.

If you are absolutely obsessed with the idea

of microdosing psilocybin for enhancing creativity

and you’d like to go straight to the study,

I will tell you what that study is

and therefore you can access some of the specifics

in terms of dosaging and protocols, et cetera.

So since I can’t help myself,

I’ll just very briefly summarize

that microdosing psychedelic study.

The title of the study, which was published in 2018,

is Exploring the Effect of Microdosing Psychedelics

on Creativity in an Open-Label Natural Setting.

Interesting title.

This was a microdosing event

organized by the Dutch Psychedelic Society.

They examined the effects of psychedelic truffles

where they knew what sorts of psychedelic compounds

were contained there on two creativity-related

problem-solving tasks, the picture concept task,

which I don’t expect you to recognize or know,

but it assesses convergent thinking

and the alternative uses task,

which I also don’t expect you to know,

but is a standard task for assessing divergent thinking.

They tested once before taking a microdose

and while the effects were expected to be manifested,

they say, oh, interesting.

They use the word manifested in a study of psychedelics.

Science is changing indeed.

In any case, what they found was an enhancement of creative,

that is divergent and convergent thinking,

not surprising given the fact that the 5-HT2A receptor

activity is increased by microdosing of psilocybin

and 5-HT2A receptors are present both on the neural circuits

that underlie divergent and convergent thinking.

So again, this is not a plug for microdosing psilocybin.

This is really in response to what I know

will be a number of different questions

about what sorts of pharmacologic agents

can be used to increase creativity.

So more on that later.

And again, we’ll provide a link

if you want to read that study in more depth.

I can imagine that a number of you

are probably also wondering about the effects of alcohol

and the effects of cannabis on creativity.

We did a long in-depth episode all about alcohol

and its effects on health.

The bottom line on alcohol

is that in excess of two drinks per week,

you’re starting to run into the cancer promoting

and toxic effects of alcohol.

I didn’t choose for the answer to be that,

but that’s what the data tell us.

Not telling you you can’t drink

more than two drinks per week.

I’m just saying that if you’re going to do that,

you should really consider offsetting that

with some other behavioral measures

all discussed in the episode on alcohol.

And despite what people think,

there is absolutely zero, zero evidence

that alcohol increases creativity.

However, by way of reducing activation

of the prefrontal cortex,

there is some evidence that alcohol and other substances

that reduce what it’s called autobiographical scripting,

that is a narrative about ourselves,

sort of self-awareness,

that it can enhance divergent thinking

at very low doses.

And this makes sense.

Divergent thinking involves remembering certain things

that we can use as elements in the creative process,

but suppressing narratives

about what the use of those would mean.

Will people like it?

Will they not like it?

Will it lead to the outcome we want?

Will it won’t?

All of that autobiographical scripting

involves the forebrain being very, very active

and specific regions of the forebrain in particular,

and that all needs to be suppressed,

which alcohol in very low doses can accomplish.

But again, that’s not a plug for alcohol.

I think behavioral tools would be a much better route,

but it therefore shouldn’t be surprising

why some people have used low-dose alcohol

in order to engage in the creative process

because it involves less inhibition or sense of self

that could be detrimental to the divergent thinking process.

Now, with respect to cannabis,

I went in depth into the biology

and the various uses, misuses, dangers,

and in some cases, benefits of cannabis use in certain,

the key word there is certain populations.

And I also dove into whether or not cannabis can be used

to increase divergent and convergent thinking.

So that’s timestamped in that episode.

I’ll refer you to that episode.

But the long and short of it is

that many of the ideas that people come up with

when under the influence of cannabis,

in particular high THC-containing cannabis,

does lead to enhanced divergent thinking,

but so enhanced, it turns out,

that oftentimes those ideas can’t be constrained

by the convergent thinking process.

In other words, they have lots of ideas that make sense

while under the influence of cannabis,

but that later cannot be implemented

into a coherent framework that leads

to any actual creative endeavor or creative product.

Or as is often the case with cannabis,

they simply can’t remember what they were thinking about.

Anytime there’s a discussion about dopamine,

there seems to be a discussion about motivation,

desire, and drive.

And of course, that makes sense given the roles of dopamine.

We did an entire episode on dopamine motivation and drive.

It’s one of our most popular episodes.

Again, you can access that with timestamps

in all formats at hubermanlab.com.

And anytime there’s a discussion

about dopamine and motivation,

we also seem to have a lot of questions

about attention and focus and ADHD

or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in particular.

So just as a brief mention, there is a literature,

although not terribly extensive,

a small but strong literature on the relationship

between ADHD and creativity.

And the long and short of that literature

is that people who have ADHD regardless of age

do seem to have an ability to focus.

I’ve mentioned that in the episode on ADHD,

provided that they are interested

in the thing that they are focusing on.

So that runs counter to this idea

that people with ADHD simply can’t focus.

They can, but it tends to be a focus

that’s selective for things

that they are very excited about or interested in

as opposed to a general ability to focus.

What’s also highly underappreciated

is that people who have ADHD

oftentimes are very effective at divergent thinking,

but are less effective at convergent thinking.

What this tells us is that people with ADHD

can often have excellent novel and indeed creative ideas,

but that the implementation of those creative ideas

is sometimes challenged.

And that’s one reason to explore rational pharmacology,

nutrition, supplementation, et cetera.

Those are all things to explore in concert with,

or I should say in working closely

with a board certified physician

or ideally psychiatrist expert in ADHD.

You can also check out the episode that we did on ADHD.

There are a lot of tools there,

a lot of science mentioned there to support those tools.

Again, you can find that hubermanlab.com.

But I did think it was important to point out

even if briefly that having ADHD

is not a barrier to creativity.

In fact, may actually be an enhanced portal to creativity,

but that it doesn’t allow people

to access the convergent thinking

that allows creative ideas to be implemented

into specific strategies, pressure tested,

and eventually delivered in the form

of a final product of music, art, et cetera.

That is not to say that people with ADHD

cannot accomplish that,

but that it is going to require some additional steps

and protocols in order to enhance convergent thinking.

And that episode and the episode that we did on focus

and in particular tools to enhance focus

is very much directed at ways

to enhance convergent thinking.

So if you have ADHD or know somebody who does

and you’re interested in the creative process

or focusing generally,

please check out the episodes that I mentioned.

Now there’s also a small,

but nonetheless very exciting literature

on the relationship between physical movement

and divergent thinking.

This should come as no surprise to us.

As mentioned many times now in this episode,

the nigrostriatal pathway involved in divergent thinking

and it involves dopamine is also responsible for eye blinks

and for movements of the limbs of the body

in very deliberate ways.

This tells us that there’s some direct

or maybe indirect relationship

between movement of the body and divergent thinking.

And despite the fact that it’s only a few studies,

there have been some studies of whether or not

people are able to engage in divergent thinking

more effectively when they are doing things

like pacing or walking.

And this could be on a treadmill

or back and forth across the room.

And in fact, that is absolutely the case.

If you’re somebody like myself

who tends to have their best ideas,

not saying that my ideas are always terrific,

but among the ideas I have,

some of the better ones arrive to me

while on my long Sunday run.

I tend to do a long run or hike on Sundays,

sometimes with a light weight vest

or something of that sort.

But when I’m in a state of essentially

not directing my attention to any one thing

in my external environment,

this is extremely key for reasons

that now should be obvious.

Anytime we are directing our attention to a visual target

or an auditory target,

we are not as able to engage in divergent thinking.

This is why I will sometimes listen to podcasts

or to audio books while I go on these runs.

But for portions of these runs or hikes,

I tend to turn those off and just focus on the movement

and focus on not focusing on anything in particular.

And oftentimes I will stop and write down ideas

that suddenly or seemingly suddenly appear to me

or geyser to the surface.

I’ll have an idea.

Sometimes those are good ideas, sometimes less good ideas.

The fact that that happens for me

and the fact that many people are pacers or runners

or come up with their best ideas while in the shower

or while engaging in activities

that don’t require a lot of sensory attention

to one specific location,

either visual or auditory, et cetera,

that is because it engages these nigrostriatal pathways

through movement,

which then opens up this library of ideas

and allows the intersection of different ideas

that normally would be constrained to separate categories.

One way to think about this by analogy would be that,

you know, when I was a kid, you’d go to the library

and nowadays you just go online,

but the different pages of different books

on different topics are kept distinct from one another.

That is bound by different book covers and book ends,

different shelves in the library.

It’s as if different pages and elements from those books

are now being combined in a pseudo random,

not random, but in a pseudo random way.

And in that combination,

new possibilities about ways that information

could be combined and implemented start to arise.

So the tool that emerges from this is very simple

and it won’t necessarily apply to everybody.

But if you are somebody who finds that

just sitting in a chair and trying to be creative

is very challenging,

some of you might benefit from, for instance,

if you are engaging in writing or you want to write,

to talk into the voice recorder of your phone while walking

or simply walking and not attending

to any one specific thing visually or through headphones.

And then as ideas surface, seemingly out of nowhere,

which is how it happens,

that you could either put them into your phone

by voice dictation, or you could type them out if you like.

The key thing is to not be distracted

by other things in your phone,

not to start going onto social media or doing phone calls

or looking at text messages,

because that by definition is going to take you out

of this, what biologists call a pseudo random walk.

And this pseudo random element is extremely important.

We know, for instance,

that many circuits within the brain

have what’s called dedicated point-to-point wiring.

So for instance,

the brain circuits that govern your breathing,

the brain circuits that govern your heartbeat,

the brain circuits that govern your specific movements

once you are an adult

and allow for smooth directed movement are very precise,

very little slop, if any, in the wiring.

However, there are aspects of your brain circuitry,

yours and everybody else’s,

I should say, that are maintained into adulthood

that include a lot of extra wiring.

And these are fine wires,

they’re not the major highways

between different areas, if you will.

So sort of like Google Maps has highways and streets

and little passages and alleys,

but it’s as if there’s a little web

of additional possible pathways

cast over that entire thing.

The human brain maintains such webs of possible passage,

and it’s only during activities

such as walking, running, cycling,

swimming, hiking, pacing, et cetera,

that the activation of those pseudo-random pathways

starts to ramp up.

So this is a purely behavioral approach

to engaging different elements within neural networks

that normally would not communicate with one another

when we are completely still.

So again, the practices I talked about earlier

of being completely still to raise dopamine

and enhance divergent thinking,

those, I just want to reemphasize,

are designed to position you,

to ready you to engage in the kinds of activities

like walking and pacing, et cetera,

that best facilitate divergent thinking.

So if you are somebody

who wants to enhance divergent thinking,

I would encourage you to explore

how different patterns of movement,

in particular patterns of movement

that don’t require any conscious attention

to any one specific thing,

allow you to access new ideas

and new ways of combining existing elements

in whatever domain it is you want to be creative.

Now, this is also an opportunity

to underscore something I said back at the beginning,

which is you are not going to come up

with great works of music

if you don’t understand chords and melodies

and notes and music.

Those basic elements have to be built up

through some sort of formal

or at least rigorous or regular training,

in the same way that you’re not going to take a walk

and then suddenly be able to paint an incredible picture

if you have no painting ability.

That is not going to happen.

What I’m talking about here

are ways to enhance your capacity for divergent thinking,

such as NSDR,

and ways to engage in divergent thinking,

such as through certain forms of movement

that don’t require a lot of conscious attention

to your surroundings or any one specific sensory target.

And in doing so,

enhancing your ability to be more creative in a domain

for which you already have some degree of skill

or even mastery.

Now, in keeping with the theme

of how to enhance our creativity,

there’s a very exciting and yet parallel literature

to the literature that I’ve been describing thus far.

Now, I promise you that I’m not going to open up

an entire library of new information

related to neural circuits and so forth,

but I would be remiss if I didn’t mention

this parallel literature

because it speaks very specifically

to some important practices

that we can all use in order to enhance creativity

and to do so the first time and every time.

And this is really because certain scientists out there

have really gone through the trouble,

I should even say the painstaking trouble

of really trying to dissect what the creative process is,

both for individuals and in groups or even in pairs.

And so what I’m about to tell you

is beautifully encapsulated in an article

entitled, A New Method for Training Creativity,

Narrative as an Alternative to Divergent Thinking.

So again, we’ve been talking about divergent thinking,

that’s one pathway into the creative process,

but there are others as well.

And as it turns out, they’re not so distinct

in terms of the underlying brain mechanisms.

Nonetheless, let me describe briefly

how narrative can be used to train creativity

and to become more creative.

And in order to do that,

I’d like to just briefly paraphrase

or read from the first paragraph of this paper.

So what I’m about to read are the author’s words, not mine.

Quote, here’s a paradox.

According to current research,

young children are more imaginatively creative than adults.

And indeed that is true by the way.

Yet also according to current research,

creativity’s main neural engine is divergent thinking,

which relies on memory and logical association,

two tasks at which young children underperform adults.

That is, children are not as good

at divergent thinking as adults are.

So how could it be, the authors are asking,

that children are more imaginative

and thus more creative than adults?

This can only mean

that there are alternate pathways to creativity.

And indeed that is the case.

And so what this paper really explores

is other ways to access creativity.

And what they describe is what’s called narrative theory.

And there’s a number of different aspects

to this narrative theory,

but they agree that the standard definition of creativity

is the same one that we were talking about before.

So we’re not talking about a different form

of creativity here.

We’re talking about a different way to access creativity.

They describe the standard definition of creativity

as quote, the ability to generate novel ideas

that are useful.

So the commonly accepted one.

And what they cite as the basis for narrative theory

is this breakthrough finding in the 1950s.

This is the work of Guilford.

Some people out there might be familiar with it.

I was not at the outset of researching this episode.

What this theory from Guilford essentially states

is that there are different intellectual capacities

that are not captured by standard IQ tests.

I think that’s generally accepted nowadays.

We know there’s emotional intelligence.

We know there’s a standard IQ, et cetera.

But the important element to understand

is that these authors were able to trace back the idea

of narrative training as a way to enhance creativity

long before Guilford in the 1950s,

all the way back to Aristotle.

So this is incredible.

Narrative theory was actually birthed in 335 BCE

in his writing called Poetics,

which I think is incredible, at least to me,

that people long before us were thinking about creativity

and what goes into creativity.

And what Aristotle said, what Guilford then elaborated on

and what the authors of this paper further elaborate on

and actually have developed training protocols for

is the idea that there are three elements that we can use

in order to enhance creativity.

And those three elements are what’s called world building.

I’ll explain what these are in a moment.

Perspective shifting and action generating.

And right off the bat,

the word action should raise a flag for you.

And by that, I mean a positive flag

because once again, we are back into the world

and therefore the neural circuits of movement and motion.

Okay, so three elements of world building,

perspective shifting and active generating

are what make up this narrative approach to creativity.

And I should mention that these authors and others

are using such approach with companies,

with groups, with individuals.

So this is using a bunch of different contexts

to approach and enhance different forms of creativity.

So let’s talk first about world building techniques.

This is going to be immediately familiar to you

when you hear it.

But one of the key elements of creativity

is to, at the outset, come up with some idea

that makes sense or is attractive to you

about how the world is different

inside of your creative endeavor.

So for those that write science fiction

or think about science fiction,

there’s some obvious aspects to this.

But for those of you that don’t,

maybe you come up with a narrative, for instance,

in the context of storytelling that in your world,

we are the house cats,

and the cats are actually the ones

that are the curators of the earth.

Okay, so right there, there is a conceptual shift

that the world in which whatever creative idea

is going to emerge is entirely different

than the one that we actually live in.

So that sets a certain number of important constraints.

It means certain things are now possible.

Other things are not possible

that are very different from the world that we live in.

You can see the parallels here

to kind of childhood imagination,

where essentially anything can happen in the child’s mind

because they are unconstrained.

The second element is this perspective shifting techniques.

And the idea here is that not only are we supposed

to have the reader or the listener or the observer or us

explore for creativity and develop a creative idea

by thinking differently, right?

Which is kind of a generic term.

How do we actually think differently?

But rather than just say,

take the perspective of somebody else

in terms of what they would see or do or say or think,

rather, we are supposed to think

about their underlying motivation.

So we could do the world shift.

That is the world structure shift from step one.

And then in step two, you would ask yourself,

okay, rather than write about or think about

or move from the perspective of myself,

let’s say you’re feeling particularly happy that day.

You’d say, you know, I’m actually going to take

the perspective of somebody who’s angry,

but rather than just act angry,

I’m going to think about what their motivation

for being angry is.

Maybe they had a breakup.

Maybe they were jealous.

Maybe somebody had wronged them in some way.

Maybe they’re just generally angry at the world

for whatever reason,

and then operate from that motivational stance.

And this is a very interesting and powerful step

because what it really captures,

at least as viewed by me, the neuroscientist,

is it captures a whole set of neural circuits

about what that motivational state means

because motivational states dictate a huge number

of possible different outcomes,

but they really constrain the number

of different actions and outcomes

that any of us would engage in.

Rather than saying, I’m going to view the world

the way that someone else would view the world,

by stating that we are going to be motivated

by their set of motivations and not our own,

it includes a lot more possibilities

and yet not an infinite number of possibilities.

They are constrained in a logical way,

which is one of the key elements of creativity.

And then this third element,

which is action generating techniques,

is a really cool one that you will immediately notice

for the workplace, which is forced collaboration.

So inside of this thing that we’re building here,

this kind of story, you create a novel rule

for the world that your story is going to exist in,

or your music is going to exist in,

or your sport will exist in.

Then you create this perspective shift

where you take on the motivation

of someone else different than you.

And then you force collaboration between that person

who has this alternate motivation, different from you,

and someone else who has an entirely different motivation.

And in doing so, you create these kind of,

what are called the creative collisions.

Now they’re collisions because they’re crossing one another

and something new has to emerge from them.

They could be antagonistic,

they could be arguments fighting physical

or verbal or otherwise, they could be synergistic.

They could take on any number of different forms,

depending on the motivations

and the individuals that are involved.

But even though I just described this in fairly top contour,

what I just described is actually the core elements

of any story or any creative endeavor.

It’s just that many stories are from the perspective

of what we already know and believe

and think the world to be, and our own perspective,

and the actions that we would take

given that world and that perspective.

Whereas if we want to be creative,

we want to think outside of our usual framework

and yet using elements that exist within us, right?

No one has to tell us the creative narrative,

we’re trying to come up with it on our own.

We want to essentially think in a childlike way,

how do children think?

Well, they have new different or entirely novel concepts

about how the world works, but those are bounded.

And this is a key word, those are bounded.

They’re not infinite.

It’s not that anything can happen, right?

Some kids will say we can fly

and you can shoot lasers out of your eyes.

You can do all sorts of things.

There’s unicorns, a candy falling from the sky.

At some point, if you don’t bound the change in the world,

it just becomes pure chaos.

And even children don’t do that.

So we need to bound the change

and yet create some alternate universe, if you will,

in which the story takes place or the creation of any kind,

doesn’t have to be a story takes place.

Then there has to be a perspective shift.

And this is very useful.

This is actually a tool that we can all use

of trying to take the perspective of others,

but not just asking what they would feel or think or do,

but ask what is their motivation in life generally?

Or what kind of mood stance or goal stance are they taking?

Are they trying to extract from others?

Are they trying to give to others?

Are they very altruistic, et cetera, et cetera.

And then you take that individual

and you do that also for another individual

or group of individuals.

And you start thinking about how those different individuals

because of their different motivational states

would engage at the level of action, what they would do,

what they would say, would they mate, would they fight,

would they, et cetera, et cetera.

You think of any story, the story of Star Wars,

the Greek myths, you think of any story

that has been created,

which we consider great and novel works.

And you start to find these three elements,

world-building, perspective-shifting

and action-generating techniques.

And so, while this is again,

just a broad contour of what this narrative approach

involves, I think it’s a very important

and very exciting one because it gives us a formula, right?

We already know that divergent thinking

and convergent thinking are both elements

to the creative process.

This is suggesting that whether or not it involves

divergent thinking or not,

and these authors seem to think this is distinct

from divergent thinking,

that capturing some of the elements of creativity

that are present in childhood,

but that then tend to disappear

as we start to assume identity, build identity

and understand rules about the actual world we live in,

all of those basic elements of early childhood creativity

can be reawakened.

And in fact, they have data to support the fact

that they can be reawakened in adults in meaningful ways

that can lead to new product design,

new workplace interactions and on and on.

That I find very exciting.

And as a consequence, I do intend to do an entire episode

at some point on narrative and storytelling

and the role of narrative and storytelling,

not just for sake of creativity,

but also for accessing neuroplasticity

and for enhancing memory and so on.

There’s an entire landscape of literature

and exciting tools and things to understand there.

But in the meantime, we will provide a link to this paper.

And for those of you that choose not to access the paper,

simply understanding these three aspects of narrative

as an alternative to accessing creativity,

that is a dedicated and well understood

or established world shift that you choose,

perspective shifting and taking on the motivation of others

and creating some sort of landscape of exploration

for what sorts of interactions would occur

between that individual or groups of individuals

and other individuals that have other motivations

and yet are still living in this alternate world.

Those three elements we now know can be combined

into what you or I or anyone

would consider important creative works.

So today we discussed creativity,

this absolutely fascinating aspect to human brain function

that has allowed us as a species to develop everything

from great works of art and music

to technological innovations that allow us to fly

and allow us to access people all over the world

through little screen devices

that we carry around in our pockets and on and on.

As I mentioned at the beginning of today’s episode,

I find creativity to be one of the most fascinating aspects

of brain function and in particular,

because we don’t actually know

what the upper limits of creativity are

and yet we understand that there are certain bounds,

there are certain requirements

and the key requirement for creativity

is this aspect of utility.

Now that doesn’t necessarily mean

that for something to be considered creative,

it has to be useful in the practical sense,

but it does seem that for something

to be considered truly creative

or especially creative in some cases,

that it revealed to us something fundamental

about the way that we or the world works.

We discussed some of the neural circuits

that underlie the different aspects of creativity

in particular divergent and convergent thinking

as well as narrative building

and some of the tools and steps

that can allow us to better access

divergent thinking and convergent thinking

and those tools include behavioral tools

as well as pharmacology

and we talked about narrative building

as a way to reawaken or I should say,

reaccess the childhood creativity

that did indeed exist in all of us at some point in time.

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