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词汇提示

1.amendenment 修正案

2.discriminate 区别对待

3.prominent 重要的

4.aftermath 后果

5.absorbed 吸收

6.wrestle 努力

7.legislators 立法者

8.privilege 特权

原文

Title IX

In 1972，the United States Congress passed Title IX of the Educational Amendments.

This instituted a law that would seriously affect all U.S. educational institutions' sports programs.

The law specified that it was unlawful to discriminate on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program.

This meant，among other things，that boys' and girls'，and men's and women's sports programs would have to receive equal funding and support under the new law.

The law was passed in a time when feminist-inspired movements in many countries around the world were fight for equality for women.

While Title IX was law directed at equality in education in general，it is sports programs that received the most attention.

This was perhaps because of the visibility of sports and the prominent place they play，especially in American post-secondary education.

Initial，Title IX met with mixed reviews.

Especially vocal in opposition to the law were those who had a lot invested in men's sports programs in bigger educational institutions.

Also，those that had administered male sports programs for years felt that the changes necessary to conform to Title IX's standards would be difficult and expensive.

In the aftermath of Title IX，a battle emerged between the National Collegiate Athletic Association（NCAA）and a group that had administered women's sports，the Association of  Intercollegiate Athletics for Girls and Women（AIAW）.

The NCAA had avoided equalization for years，being devoted almost exclusively to men's sport.

In fact，it was in opposition to the NCAA that the AIAW formed in the first place.

However，with federal funding now legally devoted to equalization，the NCAA made an about-turn and suddenly supported equalization.

In what many consider to be an obvious and unfortunate power move，the NCAA absorbed the AIAW.

The long-term effects of this move were to wrestle control of women's sport out of the hands of women.

The AIAW was administered by women for women；however，with the take-over the administration of women's sport fell into the hands of men.

Title IX did not manage to equalize funding between the sexes，at least not at first.

The legislators of Title IX probably couldn't imagine the resistance to equalization in sport that would emerge.

Nor did they probably realize the extent of male privilege in school sport，especially at the upper，more elite levels.

Almost thirty years after the legislation，there is still not equalization in many cases，although an increasing number of schools have fallen in line with the law.

Today，women's sport has achieved a much higher level of respectability and support in schools.

However，there is still resistance to complete equalization，and female-supportive administrators continue to fight legal battles in support of girls' and women's participation in sport.

翻译

第九修正案

1973年，美国国会通过了《教育修正案》第九篇
这项法案将严重影响美国所有教育机构的体育项目。
该法律规定，在任何由联邦政府资助的教育项目中，基于性别的歧视都是违法的。
这意味着，根据新法律，男孩和女孩以及男性和女性体育项目必须获得同等的资金和支持。
这项法律是在世界上许多国家的女权主义运动为争取妇女平等而斗争的时候通过的。
虽然第四条是针对教育平等的法律，但最受关注的是体育项目。
这可能是因为体育的知名度和它们在美国高等教育中的突出地位。
最初，对第四修正案的评论褒贬不一。
那些在更大的教育机构对男子体育项目进行了大量投资的人尤其反对这项法律。
此外，那些多年来一直管理男性体育项目的人认为，为了符合第九修正案的标准而进行必要的改变将是困难和昂贵的。
在第九修正案之后，全国大学生体育协会（NCAA）和一个管理女子体育的团体——校际女子田径协会（AIAW）之间爆发了一场战斗。
NCAA多年来一直避免均衡，几乎只专注于男子运动。
事实上，AIAW最初是在反对NCAA的情况下成立的。
然而，由于联邦资金现在合法地用于平等化，NCAA做出了转变，突然支持了平等化。
NCAA吸收了AIAW，这在许多人认为是一个明显的和不幸的权力转移。
这一举措的长期效果是将女性运动的控制权从女性手中夺走。
AIAW是由女性为女性管理；然而，随着AIAW的接管，女性运动的管理权落入男性手中。
第九修正案未能实现男女资金的平等，至少一开始没有。
第九修正案的立法者们可能无法想象对体育平等的抵制会出现。
他们可能也没有意识到在学校体育运动中男性特权的程度，尤其是在更高、更精英的水平上。
在立法将近30年后，尽管越来越多的学校符合法律规定，但在许多情况下仍然没有实现平等。
如今，女性体育在学校获得了更高水平的尊重和支持。
但是，仍然存在着对完全平等的抵制以及支持女性的行政人员继续为支持女孩和妇女参与体育运动而进行法律斗争。

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